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[讨论] 在国外搞建筑工程设计,哪些东西与国内不同?

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发表于 2008-3-14 07:56:30 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式 来自: 加拿大

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有朋友想了解国外是怎么搞建筑工程设计的吗?
/ v- r8 x. x& G/ a. f# q0 Q6 n& h5 X2 w4 r, i

' w: }$ y; K9 t/ Z0 f& \据本人观察,国内的设计院一般专业设置齐全,一个项目不出大门就能搞定。在国外一个专业,最多两个专业就是一个公司,一个项目要n个公司协作才能完成。边规划边协调,边协调边设计,边设计边施工,边施工边修改,边修改边调试,边调试边培训,边培训边验收。混乱但有秩序,低效但保质量。所以就造成了国外的图纸画的很好看,内容好像很多,但就我们关心焦点尺寸,少之又少。等到最后施工,这些东西都快协调800遍了,由施工人员"打哪指哪",哪里还有什么错、漏、碰、缺呀。大家可能注意到了,国外的图纸上有五花八门的声明,其目的就是尽量少负法律责任。要是真有脱不了干系的责任,就把板子打在那个在图纸上盖章的“注册工程师”身上,所以对于设计责任他最上心,不用三级校审也行。: N: S3 U$ S% G+ i* {# a* l
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此贴抛砖引玉,以共享外国,外企网友的经验,为我国的工程建设领域借鉴。
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* x$ N( ?  s2 D4 f& G[ 本帖最后由 bafloow 于 2008-3-14 08:11 编辑 ]

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 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-15 09:06:21 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 加拿大
贴一张图请大家看看(通风)

M-421 Part Layout.PDF

456.47 KB, 下载次数: 5

发表于 2008-3-16 10:43:42 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 中国河南安阳
国外也有总包与分包的关系吧。如果自己协调各分包商的关系是比较麻烦。

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 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-16 10:53:18 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 加拿大

比图纸还重要的设计文件 - Specification

多年以前,我们设计院接了个境外项目,当时北京的寰球在国际工程领域名气较大,所以我们就到他们那里取经。因为我国的大型化工装置均为进口,寰球的前身就是化工部第一设计院,他们在对外交往中比大多数设计院先行一步。他们告诉我们,设计文件除了图纸外,还有一个重要文件就是设备规格书,我们院给了它起了另外一个名子“工程规定”。化工装置的设备规格书好理解,建筑工程的规格书当时还真不知道是什么。最终费尽九牛二虎之力,闭门造车还是给写出了一个,好在那个项目后来黄了,否则丑就出大了。9 ~2 d( m5 p/ ^) Y7 k$ T9 F/ Y4 j8 j$ l
1 [: D. d, y. ]& K! z' S
工程规定是何物?原来它在国外叫Specification,是由专门的组织编写的,然后以政府级高度被采用,内容涉及对工程所有环节的详细要求,远非一个设计院的能力所能及。这个指导性文件,基本上是检验教训和打官司打出的产物,有了这个东西作为工程的指导,即使设计人员自己本身经验不丰富,工程质量也不大会有大问题,参与各方也不会有大纠纷。我国的那种行业的“施工及验收规范”还是比不上这个Specification

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 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-16 11:02:32 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 加拿大
原帖由 wanyeqing2003 于 2008-3-16 10:43 发表 http://www.3dportal.cn/discuz/images/common/back.gif
& ]; c" B; T( X- y1 Q8 y, T/ {  _' ~国外也有总包与分包的关系吧。如果自己协调各分包商的关系是比较麻烦。
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国外的分包商多如牛毛,协调是个大问题,文件中出现最多的词就是coordination。上贴所说的Specification就有很多协调方面的要求,设计人员也有这方面的职责。
发表于 2008-3-16 19:38:22 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 中国河南洛阳
国际上有专门承包合同,规定了承包方的各种职责,权利和义务。  L4 Z! p$ L: F# @0 ]  k
我们业主和承包方往往不了解其中的内容,所以比较费劲。8 s: L$ g1 f* U% C4 N, e6 W( a
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具体内容可以参考下面的网页:
2 A" f% h& v/ w% nhttp://www.tb-lawyer.com/Article_Special.asp?SpecialID=1
 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-16 20:32:48 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 加拿大
FIDIC太庞大了,美国,加拿大的MasterFormat被广泛采用于日常的建筑工程当中,各设计单位还要根据工程的具体情况作补充修改,作为设计文件与图纸一起发布。在施工之前设计人员还要根据specification的要求,审核施工承包商,或设备材料供货商所提供的解决方案是否合理,设备材料是否符合要求的等等,承包商的偷工减料在这个环节中被杜绝。
发表于 2008-3-16 21:01:11 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 中国河南洛阳
有了FIDIC合同,还需要有这方面知识的人员来执行。/ \/ v  j$ Y$ a

; V* v  b$ e0 R: r( }; a工程中除了甲方代表外,还有监理可以协助开展工作。
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/ n7 T; R% h: J6 ^8 d[ 本帖最后由 wanyeqing2003 于 2008-3-18 07:58 编辑 ]
 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-18 07:40:50 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 加拿大
以下是一个实际工程的spec. (建筑设备)内容目录 15000.tableofcontents.pdf (10.72 KB, 下载次数: 2)
发表于 2008-3-18 10:54:37 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 中国北京
呵呵~~国际项目确实不一样!$ T* k/ a9 Z3 x& o
经常见到的文件有以下几种:( C! Y* `( u: C; o  x0 X
specification(说明书),calculation (计算书),MATERIAL REQUISITION,datasheet,Technical Enquiry,MATERIAL TAKE-OFF......' K1 ^' r, {. S% S7 I2 O
那个specification最难弄,把各方面都必须写得很清楚,每句话最好都要按照标准里要求那样写!其他的文件都好说!" ]2 \+ t7 k) p. ~

7 g' W( p4 j8 Z* w3 x) A下面给大家一个阴极保护方面的specification的目录看看!
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6 h) d$ o" h( N0 p3 y: VINDEX
( H0 i. t' t$ Z; t, ?1.0 SCOPE.
9 Z. s  ?9 m( ~% L5 W# N1.1 General.
# F. Q% G8 E1 z% t- U  ?/ S9 o2 n1.2 Definitions. 5 Z; U8 L2 B/ D( _3 @) N
2.0 CODES, REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS.
6 d6 K7 q4 K6 B* w2.1Codes, Regulations and Standards.
8 S+ W/ L1 v- _( {0 g3.0 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.
' Y# ?; d' x( j6 Z9 a' B! s4.0 BASIC DATA..
% r/ q3 p7 S! m" i, A# ~+ a8 Q4 B4.1 Design Life. 1 \$ @! S8 O: Y# D
4.2 Cathodic Protection Potential.   U/ k! Y1 y. g5 u( N
4.3 Protection Current Density..
8 ]2 J% v: v6 {* J. B9 U5 D' h; y4.4 Energy.. 2 O* G  a, y3 \' \
4.5 Test Posts.
. @# j- r* R9 y( Q6 [1 }) z1 g4.6 Insulating Joint.. 8 {! U" _: h  `) D* [
4.7 Effect of Electric Line. & a2 w0 {* U: r0 k* O
4.8 TemporaryCathodic Protection..
. l1 C: p/ ^9 U8 c( n% P( ^, h5.0 DESIGN CRITERIA..
  k$ b; F4 y% B, }0 [! w! }5.1 Mode of Cathodic Protection.. : w" K* f& z6 K2 S# O" @4 T$ s
5.2 Transformer Rectifier..
5 k. s/ y8 P% m8 A' z& v: I5.3 Anodes.
* p" J; g" X: h# c! F5.4 Carbonaceous Backfill. 5 U% Y2 K2 x# ?( V. l) a
5.5 Anode Junction Box.. 1 W3 Z( R( r- j6 z4 t2 w
5.6 Test Post and Permanent Reference Electrodes.
' c$ D8 s/ t) L9 }5.7 Cables.
0 `$ u  h) `: E. ~% N  u7 l3 t5.8 Permanent Reference Cell. ( O8 ]8 J3 I2 W* d5 d2 U: i
5.9 Groundbed.. ; n- @! R7 v. m8 F
5.10 Pipeline GroundingSystem...
" ?5 ~# y+ F7 M( E5.11 Casing Pipe Cathodic Protection System...
8 ~) r; T4 B( @* @. c3 |% k$ P6.0 TEST OF CORROSION PROTECTION SYSTEM...
7 `& t5 Y& i, e8 p& d, ]& K  C7.0 INSTALLATION.. + l* E5 ?2 K. k+ O$ X' h- p
8.0 COMMISSIONING TESTS. 3 l: o' }& |/ W' i
9.0 OPERATION & MAINTENANCE. . x( Q- L( P) K: g
10.0 SPARE PARTS.
8 i. `, x4 k' y7 I; }4 T! b+ @# U8 x- y  q& F: U
[ 本帖最后由 zxs1221 于 2008-3-18 10:59 编辑 ]
 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-19 07:29:15 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 加拿大

Specification -- 内墙的施工,供货,和提交的文件要求-1

[WASTEWATER MASTER SPECIFICATION] FINISH HARDWARD
6 q0 _2 L( z7 I4 I. U! P[PROJECT TITLE] 08710-1" d" u3 W7 _2 f" y1 L6 _% ]9 u
SECTION 08710
% \+ w' O% _" ?. k! c$ }FINISH HARDWARE
3 R8 D6 z9 f$ u0 F8 g+ L" p0 ~$#
9 I( ^: V. s* E6 P5 Y& S4 fNTS: This specification section requires careful review by the specifier. The specifier
# ]9 ^* {- [. [8 Z8 l* Iis required to modify the section according to the requirements of the project.
* q, R, Q- p( f( `2 S, f6 YBrackets indicate items to be checked, completed, edited, selected, or filled in.: a/ x0 d: @+ d' X2 o7 e
NTS notations and brackets should be removed in the final printing.7 K: I! ]2 i$ m4 e
#$- T$ K; D7 N, r5 i5 P
PART 1 -- GENERAL% W+ g. @- y. j* H5 N
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1.1 THE REQUIREMENT' A, ~9 Z/ y% a# n! C" {1 a% `
A. The Contractor shall furnish all tools, equipment, materials, supplies and manufactured items,
1 s3 S5 l, L  O7 L1 fand shall perform all labor required to furnish and install, complete, finish hardware as indicated) q% t, l8 ]* I8 x& s- B6 u& j0 M2 F
on the Drawings and specified herein.
2 K0 ?# {/ h/ T6 U5 j
6 f  `. R& h7 z( j" Y4 r- H8 F1.2 RELATED WORK SPECIFIED ELSEWHERE
9 n$ M) a6 G5 W, f* mA. Section [02830] Chain Link Fences and Gates.
8 N/ l+ L' S" w6 l* N; U5 }/ sB. Section [05500] Miscellaneous Metalwork.
0 g2 C3 r9 l( o: SC. Section [06100] Rough Carpentry." c: m; w2 o% {
D. Section [06200] Finish Carpentry and Millwork.
- }: z" K( Q7 c  K3 M& N( hE. Section [08360] Overhead Doors.3 ^' E  t7 _; P8 \* W
F. Section [08410] Aluminum Entrance and Storefronts.$ ]- @5 w6 G( ?" [9 ^
G. Section [10160] Metal Toilet Partitions.
7 M+ h2 _  @7 `. D- MH. Section [10500] Metal Lockers.+ _4 J2 n9 X& K' {0 D3 E

% \7 U5 l# y* \; Q1.3 REFERENCE SPECIFICATIONS, CODES AND STANDARDS7 O! h6 d% j3 i( p; x, y* O3 L% A
A. Comply with the reference specifications of the GENERAL REQUIREMENTS.
' {) C0 Q4 i1 R! g) j/ \) KB. Comply with the current provisions of the following Codes and Standards.# W" ~* i/ h( i, I( i) d: C5 h
1. Commercial Standards:
2 x2 L  i/ F, A) l9 U, G( _' eUnderwriter's Laboratories, Inc. requirements and approvals.5 j( M# F, E) B% s. y6 I
Hardware Institute (DHI) Recommended Procedure for Processing Hardware
$ K1 V0 C$ y) e; E6 sSchedules and Templates and Architectural Hardware' M8 Y- u2 B6 _
Scheduling and Format.8 f0 C5 g! g' K8 T3 h" ~
BHMA Builders' Hardware Manufacturers' Association
2 c/ x  p. X  m3 v. ?2. Manufacturers' Standards: In addition to the standards listed above, the finish hardware
1 D. k: |- R, }: a2 vand its installation shall be in accordance with the manufacturers' published, ?7 d8 _3 U: ~6 ~/ i* G2 ]* H
recommendations and specifications.1 A- y& ^2 f: C: X+ n) q) Z" C
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1.4 CONTRACTOR SUBMITTALS
- n5 v% b# q# v  A* F& |A. Submittals shall be made in accordance with the GENERAL REQUIREMENTS.
" S& s0 Q0 Y5 I! }( vB. The following submittals and specific information shall be provided.
6 p  D5 ?$ \, M+ R- m9 u1. Samples: The samples of all items requested by the ENGINEER shall be furnished by the2 L- ?0 I2 {, |( M+ v2 _" u" I2 G9 ^
hardware supplier no later than [10] days after said request is received.
; R, m- P; q7 r- m: x" @2. Manufacturer's information: The CONTRACTOR shall submit a complete detailed7 W; i' D' l0 I; L+ A' z( T& U
hardware list and a schdule along with manufacturer's literature on each item for approval.
+ `4 K8 a0 R8 f" o' K6 vNo hardware shall be delivered until the hardware schedule has been approved by the
5 h& a/ t% q) \2 b. @ENGINEER.
( d) v' h$ @2 ~( k3 N3. The hardware schedule submitted by the CONTRACTOR shall list the actual product series6 l! p$ @: }/ V# T
numbers. Manufacturer's catalog requirements for actual size of door closers, brackets,
8 F7 b3 u2 G; q3 C: Q, \. wand holders shall be observed. All door sizes shall be noted on the hardware schedule and6 S2 N1 ?2 r. {5 f3 M( X6 `2 A
all hardware shall be in strict accordance with height, width, and thickness requirements." @1 @# b) W1 {% A& w0 W
4. The schedule shall indicate groups, type, manufacturer's name, catalog number, location,
* s6 ?! H+ j0 U. _+ L6 y+ `8 G' land finish of each item to be provided, all in accordance with the DHI "Architectural0 H' b2 }5 F- X( K
Hardware Scheduling Sequence and Format".
& G' @# O. V2 ^/ h* v5. The schedule shall also include a complete template list showing template references and0 {. X' o5 E8 h3 Y! G
data for each item requiring preparation of metal doors and frames.
, Z3 @. f0 Y( y3 u6 N+ ]6. Hardware for aluminum doors may be included in a separate section of the schedule.
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1.5 QUALITY ASSURANCE
: p. p: J' o' aA. Manufacturer's product names, numbers, and models are given herein for the purpose of  h4 c- A) f5 L* K% e% n/ w& T
indicating the requirements for the type, general construction, material and operation of the
! n9 `7 s$ P& M# Q- m& |1 hspecific item, not with the intention of limiting the item to the manufacturer's listed product.# N8 _" r! V3 l  `/ V$ E
Substitution of another manufacturer's product that is fully equivalent in all respects may be& n. @% T5 D6 i# }
made subject to the approval of the ENGINEER. It shall be the CONTRACTOR's responsibility
" N/ e( _  D% R( `1 @8 vto supply detailed and complete data to the ENGINEER as required to facilitate appropriate
' o. m/ `; M" Z4 Y( }2 g3 o% nevaluation of all proposed substitute items.1 I2 I6 v2 Y1 ]& G( p0 W
1.6 DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING2 O' H8 F/ X4 C
A. Except where otherwise specified all hardware shall be delivered to the jobsite.
! g9 U; K0 x: E+ ?B. Each unit of hardware specified herein shall be individually packaged complete with fastenings. p+ m# u& X9 u* y
and all appurtenances. Each package shall be clearly marked on the outside to indicate its. j- s0 c/ ^0 P6 _0 b! k4 F7 F8 {
contents and its specific location in the work, and shall be identified by its related number from! W: B6 U2 k$ \
the reviewed hardware list.
4 b+ Y0 l) S8 N4 DC. Contractor shall store hardware in a safe place at the jobsite where directed by the ENGINEER. ~$ F6 v9 i& X* S( [, n1 J
to prevent loss or damage until installation." u, M' F* I$ X

3 U7 j. M9 E+ _5 ?5 I# B[ 本帖最后由 bafloow 于 2008-3-19 07:30 编辑 ]
 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-19 07:34:28 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 加拿大
PART 2 -- PRODUCTS
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2.1 GENERAL# C' N) p( v" d, e1 `2 ~
A. Manufacturer's product names, numbers and models given herein are for the purpose of
4 n  [, y7 }6 t7 [, |indicating the basic requirements for type, construction, material, operation, durability and1 e% W* K0 q: H) k; L, n1 l* f
functional adequacy of the specific item. Substitution of another manufacturer's product that is
; u: B/ j& G) z$ l: K! ?* |) I- lfully equivalent in all respects will be made subject to the approval of the ENGINEER.
  ~0 |& o% u0 o8 P- _B. Provide end products of one manufacturer for each item in order to achieve standardization for
0 Y  J  b8 c$ _appearance, maintenance, and replacement.1 q9 l$ X0 ?$ d- R9 V" Y) Q) u) f
C. When deemed necessary for product evaluation prior to review, the ENGINEER may require
& h, d2 y: v% ^- P, xsubmittal of full size standard production units for inspection and check. Such samples will be, g" Y9 \, P$ \* F. e# F# w5 U
returned to the Contractor and may be installed on the project if identified for location in5 N* N/ h0 ~/ t6 b/ w
conformance with specified requirements.
( q/ X0 w9 r1 f1 s  VD. Contractor shall check kinds and quantities of hardware products to determine conditions,
! W) L4 C! t5 ^/ G; H; U( ycompleteness, and conformance to the Specifications.
3 p' }: I0 J2 G5 _$ C) ~; K: k& m1 q7 D# }3 M: x3 M7 I# p
2.2 PRODUCT TYPES
) L3 F0 i# _8 S+ lA. Locks and Latches: All locks shall be security type with 6-pin cylinders having stainless steel
. X  E" f* Y2 K* Emechanism for all exterior hollow metal doors.* E; d7 Y* {& [3 l& \3 J8 Q
B. Lock Uniformity: Except as otherwise specified, Contractor shall furnish locksets, cylinders, and
# k, R1 B( w; O  scomponent parts as hereinbefore specified, by one manufacturer.
9 y/ J5 F* t# x& F5 k+ c4 r% sC. Lock Strikes: Shall be boxed type with curved tip of sufficient length to protect trim and/or jamb.4 v4 Y; K! {2 T( X2 }$ b
Lock strikes shall be delivered to the jobsite with the locksets.
0 k, ~. A: l( Z" MD. Fasteners: Bolts, screws, fittings, and other fasteners, including soffit plates for door closers,5 V, |, P! w6 C. ~  y
shall be provided for proper and secure attachment with specified hardware.
" K- k0 @- q' I6 K! Y( m# A$ TE. Door Closers shall be full rack and pinion type with adjustable means of regulating closing speed,& K0 u  l( Z- f" E
latching speed, back check, and with reduced spring power and shall be regular parallel arm type
7 E! |2 a: |$ d' i3 Fwith 90 degrees to 180 degrees hold open provisions.
  _6 y1 P1 S7 `8 q: z3 i+ TF. Door Swings: Door swings indicated on the Contract drawings are standard door swings. If a; }! w, I) f" U5 h
door hand is changed during Construction the Contractor shall make necessary changes in2 x" s+ y2 S# A( w, u! t/ g2 W
hardware at no additional expense to the CITY, subject to the approval of the ENGINEER.
3 w8 Z2 a% U( lG. Silencers shall be provided for all metal door frames; three for single doors, two for pairs of
! A) J  e5 O, H6 O' Z  sdoors.' r8 o  u: j. |' i8 i
H. Door Butts shall be of proper width to clear trim and other features when door swings to- w3 L! u6 [! o( m- x
180 degrees and shall have oil-impregnated ball bearings./ D5 T9 \! q" G! A$ o, _# B
1. Door 1-3/4-inch thick up to 7-feet 0-inch to have 1-1/2 pair of 4-1/2-inch X 4-1/2-inch butts.
9 b, o" x  \+ z' z& K& y2. Exterior doors to have butts with oil-impregnated bearings.
) X) X3 C1 S6 f+ e( E3. Provide template hinges for use on metal door frames.
8 u. S) |0 s; W5 R& R+ H) n  m/ G  ]I. Temporary Lock Cylinder: Contractor shall provide temporary lock cylinders with temporary
. A! z! {; f- x% D& d: iconstruction keys for door locks during the construction period.. U0 L9 q6 q# v$ P" j$ n& D
J. Kickplates: 16-gauge stainless steel with edges beveled four (4)sides. Kickplates to be 10-5 o( t* h( Y  i1 g& {& S# {
inches high x door width less 1-inch.0 e" W! b5 u! U4 G' A! t) b- A
K. Lock Astragal: Provide astragal for exterior in swinging 1-3/4-inch metal doors, of 9-3/8-inch x 1-2 E# A! |/ \5 C0 n3 Y$ e4 f
1/2-inch size with US 10 finish designed to prevent tampering of lock bolts from the exterior.6 x; \2 n# H: C7 `$ T* s
L. Flush Extension Bolt: Two point concealed automatic type for exit operation only with control
9 }: ^# `* M# q. P  `' |knob located on the inside, provided with top and bottom strikes, Underwriters Laboratories (UL)/ y( V2 \+ X5 N9 y
Listed, bronze components with 626 finish and designed for use on 1-3/4-inch thick hollow metal
. M# Z  y0 `* d0 _doors.
6 v9 J) ]! c$ c- N; H! w0 P) v2 m: R* P+ g8 ]
2.3 FINISHES1 Z, M4 [4 L9 L) F. r
A. All finishes hereinafter specified are "BHMA" numbers as specified by the "Building Hardware7 [2 n* ]% M3 b6 _1 F! ?
Manufacturer's Association".
, D9 T# b4 H1 s5 k9 A( Z7 ~- k6 f1. 600 - Prime Coat
( t' b+ n0 K! W+ l) j6 D2 J2. 626 - Dull Chromium2 y1 B- \) D( T, a: C; E/ v
3. 629 - Bright Stainless Steel, j. \5 W0 @; u" H5 R" F
4. 630 - Satin Stainless Steel9 }# n8 l  {6 r3 o) l: k+ D) y
B. All items not specified herein shall have BHMA 630 finish.! m* p% m5 h+ v# @
C. Locksets and Deadlocks shall have BHMA 630 finish.. b* L& k- Z9 m4 S# [( L
D. All hinges to have BHMA 630 finish
7 t* Y3 f4 ?- {6 O) bE. Kickplates, Push and Pulls to have BHMA 630 finish.
  u' c" W7 h5 Q' g+ y& y$ c9 NF. Closer cover plates to have dull bronze lacquer finish.
* q3 V' |. @( _" Z5 VG. Miscellaneous Finishes shall be as specified.
9 P7 e2 _, h( n1 n& G# @0 Z
7 z% R0 R' p0 O5 r( p& \4 \2.4 KEYING
+ D4 {( B3 p4 L0 iA. To ensure full coordination with CITY's keying needs and requirements, all keying will be# h  ^' _: ?! Q+ j" c6 v
determined after a conference with the ENGINEER, and such keying shall be designated in the! _+ n' q5 @6 Z2 a
CONTRACTOR's hardware schedule by appropriate set of numbers opposite the respective4 m$ q+ O+ W2 h
doors. Keys shall be positively identified for their respective locks and shall be delivered into the  Y3 q/ K. E, |/ z1 }+ y
hands of the ENGINEER upon completion of the work.% w* W. U* r4 w* I1 f" x
1. All locks and cylinders shall be labeled consecutively with the door number to correspond0 y! Y3 _4 j  a: g+ p. ]
with change keys. All shipping tags shall be of approximate 2-inch X 3-inch size., d1 B3 U' @1 Z2 d
B. Keys:
0 |/ b  l* e' F" h5 H3 r4 K3 h$ F1. All keys shall be nickel-silver large bow, plain both sides, (6 pin) stamped on one side
( G6 j+ I, ?4 V; M7 ~, ~"CITY OF LOS ANGELES -DO NOT DUPLICATE"." e. b; w9 T  O2 t+ [
2. CONTRACTOR shall furnish two (2) keys for keyed alike locks; two (2) keys for each keyed0 ?3 @3 d# n2 S0 s
different locks, and six (6) grandmaster keys.9 |/ s* ]) p( {; H, x2 G( ]
3. Lock manufacturer shall ship all keys including grandmaster, master, and change keys, via& z/ ^9 E+ q. s6 X- U1 w1 h
Registered Mail directly to the ENGINEER. The keys shall be individually tagged and
: y) a  S' X) p  _+ uidentified by door locations.
8 F6 Y: [4 m+ N6 l8 q4. At the time of change-over from construction lock cylinders to permanent lock cylinders,% g% G/ ?/ h9 {& {6 U
the INSPECTOR will check the permanent key operation with the in-place permanent lock
! B$ z7 k1 X1 ^; ~& @cylinders to assure proper operation of locks and keys.% S. ]# q2 P% E# q2 X
. [! u4 G+ i* E/ R
2.5 HARDWARE SCHEDULE0 m) Q$ o( ?7 e2 x( U1 [6 D
A. The following hardware schedule is intended to represent the hardware required. Provide the
' [# k6 R! R2 a" U/ hfollowing hardware or their equal:8 d* ^2 \( Q) w2 `1 k
$#
% B1 d+ A, l% S. v$ kNTS: List quantity, description, manufacturer's detail and finish for hardware4 N% F. J7 H: P
applicable to this project.& U/ F+ u% E& N6 \/ ]' h- f" v
#$
% g1 ^1 f7 s6 @6 ], [! S- c3 o- R6 f; @, j: A7 g6 n
2.6 TEMPLATES
, {7 d& T5 ~- MA. All hardware for metal doors and metal frames shall be fabricated to template. Templates, or* j& n, z- @' w2 _' p5 M/ Y* |
physical hardware items, shall be furnished sufficiently in advance to avoid any work delay.# w3 S; e, e6 n9 E7 s2 m

" P5 b! e) x- B6 K! A3 qPART 3 -- EXECUTION
0 W/ T' D9 E( V) Q; `3 k
8 ^* }0 G* S! {7 R3.1 GENERAL
* E# m' U3 n* O! aA. During the construction period, the CONTRACTOR shall employ temporary construction lock
7 M5 x. j$ s3 f# O$ ]. f1 ocylinders with temporary construction keys on door locks in the project.! D: @0 v' g, N9 N0 S
B. Prior to completion of construction, and after final installation of hardware, the CONTRACTOR  N/ a* F+ e9 R. t1 r/ z* e" [
shall demonstrate to the ENGINEER that all items of operable hardware function properly, that
. X6 @6 x, z; _! C* xdoors swing smoothly, and that keys lock and unlock their respective doors.6 h6 S% x4 c6 p- v# j
C. At the time of completion of the facility, on direction of the ENGINEER, the CONTRACTOR shall. L8 l9 n( J9 V
replace the construction lock cylinders with the permanent lock cylinders.
1 F9 o6 s0 u8 m3 {8 v% e5 Y2 _D. The CONTRACTOR, upon completion of the work herein, shall remove all oil, grease, or other$ l2 _4 d; O, k- Z& g3 w# H4 M8 T
soiling from exposed surfaces of finish hardware and shall remove all cartons, wrappings, and2 B& R+ {/ z  N% ?0 r) M! O1 F
other debris resulting from the work herein, and shall leave the facility in a neat, clean, and
% g" [9 I8 }6 z7 yacceptable condition subject to approval by the ENGINEER./ e% [; O/ t- ~9 F
. A9 F) H  C; R
3.2 INSTALLATION4 N2 S" X5 J1 d' \' P  E8 S
A. All hardware shall be installed accurately and in accordance with manufacturer's instructions.3 d" {; U8 b  R5 r! H
B. Hardware shall be securely tightened to develop full strength of components and provide for% `) K1 L  S/ k  p, m; ^
proper operation.6 P5 r' l% B0 |
C. Make work neat and secure.
5 F  A( u- a% G- uD. Prevent marring, scratching, or otherwise damaging adjacent finishes during hardware
5 t' |3 H; Y0 X2 S! i7 vinstallation.+ z) J2 ]% e: S& B( R/ x
E. Latchbolts:
2 X9 z$ j) N1 Y" A/ m" q1. Install to engage in strikes automatically, whether activated by closers or manually." h1 ~) ~1 j9 h1 v6 z) E, X* D! j
2. Additional manual pressure shall not be required to engage latchbolt in strike.
& B( G) W) P- ~: r  {F. Stops and Holders: Set to allow doors to open as far as possible.) \( v' g, S4 H* p$ j" v7 `
G. Wall Mounted Hardware: Install over solid structural backing or solid blocking in hollow walls.% o9 H3 [6 a  P. I. o
H. Thresholds:  O1 Z- ^0 c6 I: Z) W
1. Cope ends neatly to profile of jamb.& T6 G- `- }. H. I" I; `
2. Set in sealant and seal ends to jambs.2 \" T0 ^, E$ A% l0 t2 u1 q
I. Hardware: Adjust for easy, noise-free operation.* [: j. w4 Z, B5 r9 o, l
J. Replace damaged hardware items.% l% [; m8 E& c6 f

4 }0 r2 O0 M  }$ o3.3 PROTECTION* y( z) z/ i8 d5 K/ X9 Q: W
A. Cover and protect exposed surfaces of hardware during installation and until substantial
. }( N; t! `/ C4 d0 qcompletion.. N, F: `/ |  X  w6 r) q% n9 A
B. Fit, dismantle, and reinstall finish hardware as required for finish painting work.  u: f% |; w+ a0 S( f! D! f
C. Protect and prevent staining of hardware during construction in accordance with manufacturer's
, Y0 r+ u: P' t7 z4 k& }recommendations.$ Y9 e/ P3 P0 j1 s; Q5 L8 \
D. Remove protective measures on permanent lock cylinders installed prior to final cleaning.1 T7 S7 i4 q! s1 J* ^4 V/ u
* * * * * *
 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-19 07:47:09 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 加拿大
其实这都是常识,没有什么难的,确实可以减少好多漏洞,减少业主的风险,但是现行的体制下,工程师这么做了不但不能多挣钱,还赔进去好多时间,所以政府的监管职能应该强制执行,并且提高设计取费。做事情不能只讲少花钱。
发表于 2008-4-3 10:59:05 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 中国广东广州
国外设计充分尊重业主的要求。设计人员一般一直呆在工地现场进行协调服务和设计调整,所以前期的工作是框架性的,后期的工作比较多
发表于 2009-5-9 13:19:01 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 中国广东广州
又长见识了
发表于 2009-5-9 17:43:48 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 中国重庆
看来这国外还挺复杂了。
发表于 2009-5-16 20:13:58 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 越南
我在越南搞了一个大型生产线方面的项目,属于交钥匙项目,狗日的越南人搞的图纸花里胡哨的,实际用处太少,n多的工程制图人员,天天就知道开会,一个也不去现场看看,工程进度奇慢,图纸上的问题多多,建议以后有类似的项目最好我们提供全套的图纸,并且要收高价的规划设计费
发表于 2014-6-20 18:44:11 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 中国浙江宁波
犀利~学习了,但是比如美国这样的,人家搞软件多,土木最赚钱的就被拿走了
发表于 2022-6-17 09:12:52 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 中国福建宁德
大体上是一样的吧,都是建筑技术方面的,8 i! z  U1 @! {5 V8 b9 q
主要不同在于各国的文化、经济、风俗、政治等等
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