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来自： 中国湖北武汉
Steel! A9 Y1 u' ?5 n8 N1 p1 K
Class Notes and lecture material
7 b: C4 w9 T( g, ~* h: f1 d: J YFor& t9 G1 [9 h' g! t O1 P' c
MSE 651.01--5 N5 ^1 N- U* c+ J# o% x
Physical Metallurgy of Steel! k' A* x3 h- X" P) p7 L1 i
Notes compiled by: Glyn Meyrick, Professor Emeritus# G' T7 I8 T; W8 v
Notes revised by: Robert H. Wagoner, Distinguished
$ p$ B t3 H' u4 o; |) pProfessor of Engineering3 h) _6 O8 E) c$ O. b
Web installation by: Wei Gan, Graduate Research Associate
5 Y# N4 N( l" U. w- _) bLast revision date: 1/8/01+ U1 v, i! c* n$ m/ Z* d& h. u' R
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$ v/ Y- w) \6 ^/ C3 ?: l2 X1 CSTEEL
8 A" E' i9 n9 O( P6 ]8 `1 kForeword
( ?* \, u3 w% P0 _This document is intended to augment formal lectures on the general topic of the physical4 C0 [3 ^$ j+ _8 v7 J
metallurgy of steels, presented within the MSE Department during the Fall Quarter, 1998. It is
2 N8 [6 d. @" Cbased on a variety of texts and published articles and also on personal experience. Specific2 I2 _/ P# c; G3 h N- M
references to sources are made within the document. However, the material is often in the form of, L; J. F* f& Q, W3 G
knowledge that has been accumulated by the work of many people and is "well-known" by experts
, T q3 ^1 \( C7 P) G9 f. U- Cin the field. A detailed acknowledgment of the work of each contributor to the field is not attempted
3 ^& w: r* L2 S7 l/ x- sbecause that would be an awesome task. This document is not intended for publication and is( j' H0 y8 \6 H1 ~- X" V* Y
restricted for use in MSE 651.01.) v& u0 r0 ]# u
Texts: Steels; Microstructures and Properties by R.W.K. Honeycombe (Edward Arnold)
4 E8 b$ p$ ^! Y o$ x, I' _Principles of the Heat Treatment of Steel by G. Krauss (ASM)1 X8 I! q( S4 E9 N
The Physical Metallurgy of Steel by W.C. Leslie (McGraw Hill)# o1 ^ ~1 H& |. N x; r# W9 Q
The ASM Metal Handbooks.
7 q) v1 J ~- R- M' Q7 w3 iHandbook of Stainless Steels, Peckner and Bernstein (eds.) McGraw Hill 19779 s6 K- B) n! q
Tool Steels Roberts and Cary, Edition 4, ASM, 1980
. {- w; o5 D" S3 T; p2 k# wFerrous Physical Metallurgy A. K. Sinha, Butterworths 1989.3 \, }- Y* \3 T% `7 t" X
Introduction/ Y( t& }! o# k: G3 T9 d
Steel is a family of materials that is derived from ores that are rich in iron, abundant in the
# V3 V7 D/ T8 e; D0 ?! L& x, u9 lEarth’s crust and which are easily reduced by hot carbon to yield iron. Steels are very versatile; they8 g# ?9 X% g) M/ g3 ^
can be formed into desired shapes by plastic deformation produced by processes such as rolling# J* L6 |+ I) g! [7 }1 i. a
and forging; they can be treated to give them a wide range of mechanical properties which enable
^! L$ ^ ` C' dthem to be used for an enormous number of applications. Indeed, steel is ubiquitous in applications* \2 R2 H! y& f6 ^0 L5 i
that directly affect the quality of our lives. Steel and cement constitute about 90% of the structural
) t& ^+ a* Q- D* I0 [ d: C2 pmaterials that are manufactured
& E5 s5 }' ]; A; b9 m% U* y( Westwood, Met and Mat Trans, Vol. 27 A, June 1996, 1413).
1 a6 J/ x$ F8 ^* D" LWhat, then, is steel?
' T: B) h) M* @6 DA precise and concise definition of steel is not an easy thing to present because of the very
5 ]2 c3 r9 p ?large variety of alloys that bear the name. All of them, however, contain iron. We might reasonably- O$ [. t4 t, }# b9 j4 m
begin by describing a steel as an alloy which contains iron as the major component. This is only a4 L& o) K- ^8 u/ L. `
beginning because there are alloys in which iron is the major constituent, that are not called steels;6 J% q. N6 c2 ^8 J4 h4 g: s
for example, cast irons and some superalloys. The major difference between a cast iron and a steel$ B* u( C7 u3 s
is that their carbon contents lie in two different ranges. These ranges are determined by the
+ a3 c7 ]: \' B, qmaximum amount of carbon that can be dissolved into solid iron. This is approximately 2% by/ j1 z/ L4 z0 j
weight (in FCC iron at 1146 °C). Steels are alloys that contain less than 2% carbon. Cast irons
6 [" h& C7 V8 U; ?; P& w3 \( ~4 O" _contain more than 2 % carbon. Many steels contain specified minimum amounts of carbon. This
" f1 R e' s' p( T v. }0 A% [does not mean that all steels must contain substantial quantities of carbon; in some steels the
) s% p( y0 B. B! V0 ^/ I; |6 Fcarbon content is deliberately made very small and, also, the amount actually in solution is reduced# D9 ]7 H: o4 A( [% z! j
further by the addition of alloying elements that have a strong tendency to combine with the carbon6 [$ R+ A2 H% B# d
to form carbides.4 d7 \9 B0 `' d# H$ B0 X! X4 f; T
Steels can be divided into two main groups; plain carbon steels and alloy steels. The latter$ t' e4 v, C0 s
can then be subdivided into many groups according to chemistry ( e.g. standard low alloy steels),
$ m/ i: C1 F& i+ W/ _applications (e.g. tool steels ) or particular properties (e.g. stainless steels) etc. Let us begin with
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plain carbon steels; this group is the simplest to understand and it comprises steels that are used in
' K) A, U6 l/ n4 n8 A3 \% l/ [the greatest tonnage |
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