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来自： 中国湖北武汉
Steel, T0 H3 t! n) t8 r
Class Notes and lecture material
0 T4 t4 D, D2 c3 {3 U* lFor
2 t$ Z9 i6 d# `" l0 ?+ ?: i2 [: A1 iMSE 651.01--2 G" D- y; J& I2 e+ h
Physical Metallurgy of Steel
. d: R+ Y2 h% ~; Q0 S; qNotes compiled by: Glyn Meyrick, Professor Emeritus
; U( w0 p# e) e# DNotes revised by: Robert H. Wagoner, Distinguished
' U, u5 o; [/ o( Y! X [Professor of Engineering' n5 I. |' N% l9 o8 @' c
Web installation by: Wei Gan, Graduate Research Associate
7 p/ m. J. H/ o8 b( OLast revision date: 1/8/01
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STEEL
( Q ~& m) B: C* q8 R% U% y$ dForeword3 W- }0 D2 k N$ W; n& D2 g% b
This document is intended to augment formal lectures on the general topic of the physical
6 a" b, A% y. T' x a% p; Imetallurgy of steels, presented within the MSE Department during the Fall Quarter, 1998. It is# g# u0 i6 Z5 K) R( [8 v2 \7 f9 n9 o
based on a variety of texts and published articles and also on personal experience. Specific
" ~; [- `" ^5 k2 i: K% sreferences to sources are made within the document. However, the material is often in the form of# O+ F& X: @8 ]* ^% _/ ?3 g7 X
knowledge that has been accumulated by the work of many people and is "well-known" by experts
9 h/ l) ]9 S9 Q- J7 I) ]0 |in the field. A detailed acknowledgment of the work of each contributor to the field is not attempted( @3 e8 Q" t" |, _7 {) |1 k
because that would be an awesome task. This document is not intended for publication and is
8 _9 U, Q8 k! ?restricted for use in MSE 651.01.) g& _ s! B0 B+ B4 f1 M" N
Texts: Steels; Microstructures and Properties by R.W.K. Honeycombe (Edward Arnold)9 a5 `: @1 c( E. j8 [5 q D
Principles of the Heat Treatment of Steel by G. Krauss (ASM)
& T5 Q: |( X( A% I' ]' q; g dThe Physical Metallurgy of Steel by W.C. Leslie (McGraw Hill)' A+ h1 ]: G9 ~+ H5 V# v; V2 \+ P
The ASM Metal Handbooks.
1 o6 g' [( b% uHandbook of Stainless Steels, Peckner and Bernstein (eds.) McGraw Hill 1977
0 N2 j- \9 K5 w; Y# R2 {3 f! PTool Steels Roberts and Cary, Edition 4, ASM, 1980
8 f& A- s) }1 y* b6 _/ IFerrous Physical Metallurgy A. K. Sinha, Butterworths 1989./ q7 P* ]# ~7 K
Introduction# {% M& ~9 R; Y5 X6 X) O
Steel is a family of materials that is derived from ores that are rich in iron, abundant in the
! E) N6 d& M. e1 MEarth’s crust and which are easily reduced by hot carbon to yield iron. Steels are very versatile; they
/ ]0 q5 O* S* p! C9 W4 |can be formed into desired shapes by plastic deformation produced by processes such as rolling
2 D9 h# _4 O' band forging; they can be treated to give them a wide range of mechanical properties which enable; {3 k4 D$ N7 q* d
them to be used for an enormous number of applications. Indeed, steel is ubiquitous in applications# l' ]; Z" ]8 s2 H0 _) n
that directly affect the quality of our lives. Steel and cement constitute about 90% of the structural) M& c. d5 q8 h$ P2 ^
materials that are manufactured
( D$ F" W3 ^5 a+ r K( Westwood, Met and Mat Trans, Vol. 27 A, June 1996, 1413).
0 H! m! W5 t5 G# ~" N/ t* uWhat, then, is steel?
5 t- l: P3 d" [( Y) \A precise and concise definition of steel is not an easy thing to present because of the very
; O& ?' A8 `, M( ?& Y$ u6 {" b* zlarge variety of alloys that bear the name. All of them, however, contain iron. We might reasonably
) S: g+ z: y5 Jbegin by describing a steel as an alloy which contains iron as the major component. This is only a, h9 t3 S7 w( q9 F
beginning because there are alloys in which iron is the major constituent, that are not called steels;
3 v; Q) G! U0 v9 O7 s& Kfor example, cast irons and some superalloys. The major difference between a cast iron and a steel. ]6 t% q4 A8 a. ]7 V4 z' P
is that their carbon contents lie in two different ranges. These ranges are determined by the
% E% D6 s5 \; _maximum amount of carbon that can be dissolved into solid iron. This is approximately 2% by5 P p+ `8 _/ W' i4 `
weight (in FCC iron at 1146 °C). Steels are alloys that contain less than 2% carbon. Cast irons. b- I# s: U+ B
contain more than 2 % carbon. Many steels contain specified minimum amounts of carbon. This m2 l& E$ L2 h! P2 I
does not mean that all steels must contain substantial quantities of carbon; in some steels the! N+ a" P1 M4 K7 a! w; e
carbon content is deliberately made very small and, also, the amount actually in solution is reduced) y" y4 {( q% D+ c
further by the addition of alloying elements that have a strong tendency to combine with the carbon- C) e) B$ b) m8 p; r
to form carbides.
/ Y. s* O) f$ i l2 sSteels can be divided into two main groups; plain carbon steels and alloy steels. The latter. a$ P8 o/ V, e! Y; n
can then be subdivided into many groups according to chemistry ( e.g. standard low alloy steels),) r( m" s2 q m& C% t: B' t
applications (e.g. tool steels ) or particular properties (e.g. stainless steels) etc. Let us begin with7 y# H) v- V8 n
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% R5 N3 E$ F; h6 C7 G1 x+ nplain carbon steels; this group is the simplest to understand and it comprises steels that are used in5 F- r, Y+ J8 `4 w5 Z3 \
the greatest tonnage |
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