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来自： 中国湖北武汉
Steel
( V; ?( ^/ w9 e3 O; e( {, `Class Notes and lecture material( X; l# e& T. Y. Z' e/ i5 [
For
" j W* \' Q. H/ NMSE 651.01--
' @. e% L8 X) ^- aPhysical Metallurgy of Steel
. i8 d8 ^5 I& i' j2 tNotes compiled by: Glyn Meyrick, Professor Emeritus& P7 t5 D# z; o' u( S
Notes revised by: Robert H. Wagoner, Distinguished
4 {2 y# `0 K C. L0 TProfessor of Engineering
/ |) D( @- y/ B4 aWeb installation by: Wei Gan, Graduate Research Associate4 V+ G& w, ]9 O- [
Last revision date: 1/8/019 X) `* Y2 ~4 h
11
- {$ h6 {6 o$ L+ ^/ m$ NSTEEL" Y$ z, r3 w% L ]0 k3 J1 N
Foreword% v6 C" b. W' u$ `
This document is intended to augment formal lectures on the general topic of the physical
: d/ S3 _5 u. H! R& @metallurgy of steels, presented within the MSE Department during the Fall Quarter, 1998. It is2 Z" L: h# i0 e' B+ I
based on a variety of texts and published articles and also on personal experience. Specific, C- G& l c( t. P5 f" o
references to sources are made within the document. However, the material is often in the form of
. `1 p+ y/ R8 j7 K3 f5 Tknowledge that has been accumulated by the work of many people and is "well-known" by experts
2 ?; F4 }/ @8 |0 Q( G+ e5 Lin the field. A detailed acknowledgment of the work of each contributor to the field is not attempted4 t. H' B6 R' J+ J1 q
because that would be an awesome task. This document is not intended for publication and is$ f. d2 C9 q. }3 | n9 b$ e4 F
restricted for use in MSE 651.01.
6 S* Y6 j! A; j$ F9 Q4 T' A' m" l* RTexts: Steels; Microstructures and Properties by R.W.K. Honeycombe (Edward Arnold)
3 H& F% h7 h0 ^8 JPrinciples of the Heat Treatment of Steel by G. Krauss (ASM)6 B1 y! l/ K" A9 O2 J
The Physical Metallurgy of Steel by W.C. Leslie (McGraw Hill)( w B/ E. _! C o5 u% h
The ASM Metal Handbooks.
7 U: K t, Y! y! ?! H. ]; s1 bHandbook of Stainless Steels, Peckner and Bernstein (eds.) McGraw Hill 19778 Y1 }8 Z0 E+ h
Tool Steels Roberts and Cary, Edition 4, ASM, 1980
4 F% X! F3 }" J/ b/ kFerrous Physical Metallurgy A. K. Sinha, Butterworths 1989.0 ?5 t" k. t3 q2 ^. U) K7 c. I6 m
Introduction6 ^8 }% ?" Q5 ? D; y; F
Steel is a family of materials that is derived from ores that are rich in iron, abundant in the
* n) I# N6 ^- ~. o$ V, TEarth’s crust and which are easily reduced by hot carbon to yield iron. Steels are very versatile; they) c# H$ i a; |1 @& n3 ~1 T' x
can be formed into desired shapes by plastic deformation produced by processes such as rolling
3 K0 y# [/ W+ F; n) G0 ~and forging; they can be treated to give them a wide range of mechanical properties which enable @$ K- L& H* V8 t# I7 ^! s5 e5 `
them to be used for an enormous number of applications. Indeed, steel is ubiquitous in applications
1 i! i: w2 K0 u* othat directly affect the quality of our lives. Steel and cement constitute about 90% of the structural
7 j/ f7 k, E0 G) m4 e( E9 |materials that are manufactured
2 @2 K5 \) Z8 X" z ?$ u/ }( V( Westwood, Met and Mat Trans, Vol. 27 A, June 1996, 1413).# u$ \# g/ ]- q
What, then, is steel?
0 l4 v" C- D+ B3 R, M( o" kA precise and concise definition of steel is not an easy thing to present because of the very! B9 L$ D! [3 W, q0 r6 o
large variety of alloys that bear the name. All of them, however, contain iron. We might reasonably" O& p" y' E; P' _) t
begin by describing a steel as an alloy which contains iron as the major component. This is only a1 g; b; m( G6 V
beginning because there are alloys in which iron is the major constituent, that are not called steels;
' W. r9 p* M+ [8 Lfor example, cast irons and some superalloys. The major difference between a cast iron and a steel
P Y& N3 b. x9 M& P' zis that their carbon contents lie in two different ranges. These ranges are determined by the5 d' _' a v. k9 u; i
maximum amount of carbon that can be dissolved into solid iron. This is approximately 2% by+ p' q4 {" d/ \8 y0 R
weight (in FCC iron at 1146 °C). Steels are alloys that contain less than 2% carbon. Cast irons
0 M# z" ]/ T+ u- p& Ncontain more than 2 % carbon. Many steels contain specified minimum amounts of carbon. This, I+ n9 M5 U! Q" ^$ d1 u
does not mean that all steels must contain substantial quantities of carbon; in some steels the$ q2 a' Y5 B5 q$ P6 a. V+ m+ `
carbon content is deliberately made very small and, also, the amount actually in solution is reduced! {# e( O- ~& l/ n: n
further by the addition of alloying elements that have a strong tendency to combine with the carbon3 l. O( B9 T3 |
to form carbides.9 Q. |( Q R: B" R
Steels can be divided into two main groups; plain carbon steels and alloy steels. The latter' s) s# v+ Z7 \, {2 U, ~
can then be subdivided into many groups according to chemistry ( e.g. standard low alloy steels),
3 q0 T6 a6 \( ~4 ~( }" Kapplications (e.g. tool steels ) or particular properties (e.g. stainless steels) etc. Let us begin with
+ a6 [# t1 m& x( [22/ @1 L3 i- Y9 ` @: Z% K; ^5 q$ u
plain carbon steels; this group is the simplest to understand and it comprises steels that are used in
% B- C6 r2 F* U% J' sthe greatest tonnage |
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