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[讨论] 在国外搞建筑工程设计,哪些东西与国内不同?

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发表于 2008-3-14 07:56:30 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式 来自: 加拿大

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有朋友想了解国外是怎么搞建筑工程设计的吗?$ f' o2 U" f* ^1 M( p0 V# i+ {

  T* u+ Y5 ^% O2 ]4 d) v
1 ~$ V: j- H* s9 ?# \0 y* p
据本人观察,国内的设计院一般专业设置齐全,一个项目不出大门就能搞定。在国外一个专业,最多两个专业就是一个公司,一个项目要n个公司协作才能完成。边规划边协调,边协调边设计,边设计边施工,边施工边修改,边修改边调试,边调试边培训,边培训边验收。混乱但有秩序,低效但保质量。所以就造成了国外的图纸画的很好看,内容好像很多,但就我们关心焦点尺寸,少之又少。等到最后施工,这些东西都快协调800遍了,由施工人员"打哪指哪",哪里还有什么错、漏、碰、缺呀。大家可能注意到了,国外的图纸上有五花八门的声明,其目的就是尽量少负法律责任。要是真有脱不了干系的责任,就把板子打在那个在图纸上盖章的“注册工程师”身上,所以对于设计责任他最上心,不用三级校审也行。+ e$ J6 ~- _+ L8 r" l, {+ s, e
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此贴抛砖引玉,以共享外国,外企网友的经验,为我国的工程建设领域借鉴。8 |/ T; g( z1 e/ o
- M1 s5 f3 Z! x1 X6 |% {
[ 本帖最后由 bafloow 于 2008-3-14 08:11 编辑 ]

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 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-15 09:06:21 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 加拿大
贴一张图请大家看看(通风)

M-421 Part Layout.PDF

456.47 KB, 下载次数: 5

发表于 2008-3-16 10:43:42 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 中国河南安阳
国外也有总包与分包的关系吧。如果自己协调各分包商的关系是比较麻烦。

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 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-16 10:53:18 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 加拿大

比图纸还重要的设计文件 - Specification

多年以前,我们设计院接了个境外项目,当时北京的寰球在国际工程领域名气较大,所以我们就到他们那里取经。因为我国的大型化工装置均为进口,寰球的前身就是化工部第一设计院,他们在对外交往中比大多数设计院先行一步。他们告诉我们,设计文件除了图纸外,还有一个重要文件就是设备规格书,我们院给了它起了另外一个名子“工程规定”。化工装置的设备规格书好理解,建筑工程的规格书当时还真不知道是什么。最终费尽九牛二虎之力,闭门造车还是给写出了一个,好在那个项目后来黄了,否则丑就出大了。3 J% ^' O4 |( i0 n" B1 `" p

7 y: ]: d( G5 z5 [1 g工程规定是何物?原来它在国外叫Specification,是由专门的组织编写的,然后以政府级高度被采用,内容涉及对工程所有环节的详细要求,远非一个设计院的能力所能及。这个指导性文件,基本上是检验教训和打官司打出的产物,有了这个东西作为工程的指导,即使设计人员自己本身经验不丰富,工程质量也不大会有大问题,参与各方也不会有大纠纷。我国的那种行业的“施工及验收规范”还是比不上这个Specification

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 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-16 11:02:32 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 加拿大
原帖由 wanyeqing2003 于 2008-3-16 10:43 发表 http://www.3dportal.cn/discuz/images/common/back.gif8 W3 k( V+ c& ^' x1 J; ^3 s3 P
国外也有总包与分包的关系吧。如果自己协调各分包商的关系是比较麻烦。

0 @: }  B/ T- C9 P9 A5 ~国外的分包商多如牛毛,协调是个大问题,文件中出现最多的词就是coordination。上贴所说的Specification就有很多协调方面的要求,设计人员也有这方面的职责。
发表于 2008-3-16 19:38:22 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 中国河南洛阳
国际上有专门承包合同,规定了承包方的各种职责,权利和义务。
& |5 F1 D# d3 z8 W2 q& e6 Q我们业主和承包方往往不了解其中的内容,所以比较费劲。$ r. I( X9 l' A  L1 j) F
+ S1 X. S5 y7 T# G# {  y
具体内容可以参考下面的网页:& f# k3 N  Z- ^+ E. g  H. ?
http://www.tb-lawyer.com/Article_Special.asp?SpecialID=1
 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-16 20:32:48 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 加拿大
FIDIC太庞大了,美国,加拿大的MasterFormat被广泛采用于日常的建筑工程当中,各设计单位还要根据工程的具体情况作补充修改,作为设计文件与图纸一起发布。在施工之前设计人员还要根据specification的要求,审核施工承包商,或设备材料供货商所提供的解决方案是否合理,设备材料是否符合要求的等等,承包商的偷工减料在这个环节中被杜绝。
发表于 2008-3-16 21:01:11 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 中国河南洛阳
有了FIDIC合同,还需要有这方面知识的人员来执行。
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工程中除了甲方代表外,还有监理可以协助开展工作。
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% Y( |4 |$ ?5 e- O[ 本帖最后由 wanyeqing2003 于 2008-3-18 07:58 编辑 ]
 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-18 07:40:50 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 加拿大
以下是一个实际工程的spec. (建筑设备)内容目录 15000.tableofcontents.pdf (10.72 KB, 下载次数: 2)
发表于 2008-3-18 10:54:37 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 中国北京
呵呵~~国际项目确实不一样!$ f( g" D/ a/ \& t/ {' j
经常见到的文件有以下几种:
% ~: K" I- F) x& U+ Jspecification(说明书),calculation (计算书),MATERIAL REQUISITION,datasheet,Technical Enquiry,MATERIAL TAKE-OFF......# [/ A6 F! |! ~- }( d  Z
那个specification最难弄,把各方面都必须写得很清楚,每句话最好都要按照标准里要求那样写!其他的文件都好说!4 x( U9 r3 H1 p6 }; {) A$ F

7 Q3 y" s# \/ d) o# I3 n: q下面给大家一个阴极保护方面的specification的目录看看!
8 }; @0 Q2 g" w9 x, C$ i
! S' c! R6 S' a0 _8 Q) R8 J; PINDEX
* P/ U* N1 L, f$ o- @1.0 SCOPE.
$ J8 ?" V" A- p( v, v% R" j! x" O8 Y1.1 General. 3 r8 ^: S+ B; o) T( @) I* K
1.2 Definitions. 5 B; J( Z1 H" K9 ~' H$ i1 Z0 t8 [8 R
2.0 CODES, REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS.
- b( d9 b$ ]& [# x4 L! p2.1Codes, Regulations and Standards. 9 Q. v  W! Z$ K3 o6 t
3.0 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.
( r! [2 e& F' [4.0 BASIC DATA.. $ w( v) Q, J( J
4.1 Design Life.
2 h, ]( H- k# k9 w9 I. U2 t4.2 Cathodic Protection Potential.
" [  I$ S: S5 {4.3 Protection Current Density.. . n8 A2 r4 |! B
4.4 Energy.. % Y# k. k6 r, p! f5 k
4.5 Test Posts.
5 Q& X6 i7 ?6 M' t$ J4.6 Insulating Joint.. 3 G; I# \* @- y
4.7 Effect of Electric Line. % s' v: |5 f, M5 g2 w) p
4.8 TemporaryCathodic Protection.. # Q) A! ?0 V. K6 I
5.0 DESIGN CRITERIA..
2 c* f1 \7 |( Y* \9 N8 d; ~5.1 Mode of Cathodic Protection.. . p+ N/ a, F, E/ o. ^
5.2 Transformer Rectifier.. 9 @! G# N2 z6 u. d
5.3 Anodes.
. L, c: s9 y2 o5 b5.4 Carbonaceous Backfill. ! t5 A! N7 m2 T$ p3 ~
5.5 Anode Junction Box.. ' ~% _; P3 v6 \2 M6 a& y1 ]
5.6 Test Post and Permanent Reference Electrodes.
- D9 P  ~- @3 k. n; t$ M! |5.7 Cables. ! N5 w; f0 m/ x2 W! P# j5 N
5.8 Permanent Reference Cell.
* {1 o; N: W8 @. n. ?5.9 Groundbed..
; W' R# \; d# O5 n, L5.10 Pipeline GroundingSystem... ' I' I3 R. G: K3 X7 V' `# V
5.11 Casing Pipe Cathodic Protection System...
2 C& R4 b4 d0 f* D, {& R6.0 TEST OF CORROSION PROTECTION SYSTEM... 0 `9 o: d# l' Y
7.0 INSTALLATION.. 5 K7 }, y: \' d" i2 ^" K0 [
8.0 COMMISSIONING TESTS.   r! t7 s2 e/ W1 C5 N" _
9.0 OPERATION & MAINTENANCE. 5 u- f8 A8 t( z4 |) J# u
10.0 SPARE PARTS.
# v4 x+ J$ z* L) J2 d! B5 q3 s+ e, O3 j
[ 本帖最后由 zxs1221 于 2008-3-18 10:59 编辑 ]
 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-19 07:29:15 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 加拿大

Specification -- 内墙的施工,供货,和提交的文件要求-1

[WASTEWATER MASTER SPECIFICATION] FINISH HARDWARD$ K! B0 B! r/ s( K/ z* _3 `
[PROJECT TITLE] 08710-1
: r- y+ g, W% O! aSECTION 087106 b7 T/ g, _) r2 c) f8 F
FINISH HARDWARE
: c) z" G3 x( a! X* V6 ^$#( p4 ]5 N) Z( d  G9 d% n5 I, N7 u
NTS: This specification section requires careful review by the specifier. The specifier
: ^6 D1 R& I6 G3 vis required to modify the section according to the requirements of the project.
3 Z) E9 L9 y. v% f" W5 j' ?Brackets indicate items to be checked, completed, edited, selected, or filled in.
5 B/ A" d2 |& NNTS notations and brackets should be removed in the final printing.
8 L$ |, I9 N1 v0 ?* w& s% C#$+ i! a% |# k' Y- `# L) L: T
PART 1 -- GENERAL) b3 C: S0 \$ @  D( c' }& O

% }1 z$ @' U0 l" c2 W3 L" Q1.1 THE REQUIREMENT
0 E: q: Q6 G& oA. The Contractor shall furnish all tools, equipment, materials, supplies and manufactured items,
5 o0 o  N8 m1 _" p& rand shall perform all labor required to furnish and install, complete, finish hardware as indicated
! j' j4 w6 R' P+ H9 {on the Drawings and specified herein.8 |+ Y8 T7 n! g$ W

; H5 ~( B5 g2 Z1.2 RELATED WORK SPECIFIED ELSEWHERE2 }5 G6 t+ ]* B3 w/ D, `
A. Section [02830] Chain Link Fences and Gates.6 \% T- d: C. P  S1 \) R
B. Section [05500] Miscellaneous Metalwork.0 x! a- i4 W# w* E( |, m* e
C. Section [06100] Rough Carpentry.4 M: k( h; `9 b2 X2 l1 d& P
D. Section [06200] Finish Carpentry and Millwork.
2 K: K/ T: G8 G6 Q9 q) V6 U7 hE. Section [08360] Overhead Doors.) ?0 E" Y5 [; V4 ^' h( a- d
F. Section [08410] Aluminum Entrance and Storefronts.
, _$ T9 q" d! {  X1 p3 eG. Section [10160] Metal Toilet Partitions.
5 I& T. G: W/ k' o& D  I3 YH. Section [10500] Metal Lockers." U4 B8 h: u2 Q+ ~* t" S

6 W8 o& r  `4 l! g: N2 a! f0 Z1.3 REFERENCE SPECIFICATIONS, CODES AND STANDARDS# N! ^+ q5 T8 S2 G4 P% @
A. Comply with the reference specifications of the GENERAL REQUIREMENTS.
9 y2 _6 e5 ?; k' F7 r0 X! c2 wB. Comply with the current provisions of the following Codes and Standards.
0 q1 O/ d7 ~) x/ C; K/ u1. Commercial Standards:5 w* i! j+ Y+ ], O" R
Underwriter's Laboratories, Inc. requirements and approvals.7 t, P2 x# Q  p9 h* n4 [8 s
Hardware Institute (DHI) Recommended Procedure for Processing Hardware, E- }* f/ @. \; R" R9 F7 U
Schedules and Templates and Architectural Hardware) }3 B" T6 y2 C5 o) A7 B; h
Scheduling and Format.
4 `- o# J8 o' \, {% tBHMA Builders' Hardware Manufacturers' Association
: T: `# o* r! [2. Manufacturers' Standards: In addition to the standards listed above, the finish hardware
& @1 d' ^( E1 O" V  _; Wand its installation shall be in accordance with the manufacturers' published, x5 z- y. @- f& o
recommendations and specifications.! B( d( ?8 x/ A4 p* U+ J3 ^

* s" [8 K2 ^" Y5 }* f1.4 CONTRACTOR SUBMITTALS
# ?' t; S7 v7 x1 Q$ \A. Submittals shall be made in accordance with the GENERAL REQUIREMENTS.* t. g( M; Y/ c8 `! J8 H
B. The following submittals and specific information shall be provided.* b8 B% }: K) B( S( G1 o
1. Samples: The samples of all items requested by the ENGINEER shall be furnished by the3 J* O% e2 _- t
hardware supplier no later than [10] days after said request is received.
; p# I4 i) [9 }8 [; N9 s2. Manufacturer's information: The CONTRACTOR shall submit a complete detailed+ d6 |0 W9 x: J) ?, P
hardware list and a schdule along with manufacturer's literature on each item for approval.
# F( r) S; F& E8 y& Z6 ]% ONo hardware shall be delivered until the hardware schedule has been approved by the
& q- ~# b( F2 z7 e7 z: X4 \ENGINEER.+ [& f* j9 J' ?
3. The hardware schedule submitted by the CONTRACTOR shall list the actual product series
( f9 @& t1 o- M" Vnumbers. Manufacturer's catalog requirements for actual size of door closers, brackets,) l4 S5 r. U/ t, R% J6 x' Q
and holders shall be observed. All door sizes shall be noted on the hardware schedule and$ d/ y2 L% i5 i; r2 A
all hardware shall be in strict accordance with height, width, and thickness requirements.
% W. v  i: o9 V* t+ V0 h2 K0 G4. The schedule shall indicate groups, type, manufacturer's name, catalog number, location,. P; `( p2 [/ ~0 r/ \
and finish of each item to be provided, all in accordance with the DHI "Architectural, v( T) v0 H* U& z8 P
Hardware Scheduling Sequence and Format".6 g) l* A+ X" @( Z* A
5. The schedule shall also include a complete template list showing template references and
" _% X8 ^% }$ x: V( rdata for each item requiring preparation of metal doors and frames.
3 q; g- `# ]# g/ V4 c9 V6. Hardware for aluminum doors may be included in a separate section of the schedule.; g% i2 P: _" @; c/ T

7 y7 x3 r# `; o  s. `0 U1.5 QUALITY ASSURANCE6 D. Y8 N9 {* p+ P; y
A. Manufacturer's product names, numbers, and models are given herein for the purpose of
/ W; a8 }, M# ]( }0 A: V  Q+ ~indicating the requirements for the type, general construction, material and operation of the
3 F2 x4 q0 W7 u3 e/ x. ]specific item, not with the intention of limiting the item to the manufacturer's listed product.
$ Q5 ]' x. b* gSubstitution of another manufacturer's product that is fully equivalent in all respects may be8 ~6 M- H! Z. i, C% `. k0 Q7 Z
made subject to the approval of the ENGINEER. It shall be the CONTRACTOR's responsibility3 F  B9 U* ?7 E& ^5 K5 q; H+ `( g
to supply detailed and complete data to the ENGINEER as required to facilitate appropriate
& L" u- N' n) j  W; b+ Gevaluation of all proposed substitute items.
" x4 r5 h& ^# G7 i9 Z4 p0 m5 |1.6 DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING+ i7 K/ k& M" O. H. l
A. Except where otherwise specified all hardware shall be delivered to the jobsite.( |, ?# S) q4 C) }/ P. i
B. Each unit of hardware specified herein shall be individually packaged complete with fastenings) F. r' w. N! @
and all appurtenances. Each package shall be clearly marked on the outside to indicate its9 C4 @: D% V$ f: M
contents and its specific location in the work, and shall be identified by its related number from. T* M# b% W+ H' R( n9 \1 p
the reviewed hardware list.
- v5 P# E1 x9 R% O+ ^# M1 cC. Contractor shall store hardware in a safe place at the jobsite where directed by the ENGINEER/ E9 R) f5 p' r1 R6 D
to prevent loss or damage until installation." i  [9 ?9 K* F# K- w% j  ~

$ W. f- Q  g: ]" _8 ~, z[ 本帖最后由 bafloow 于 2008-3-19 07:30 编辑 ]
 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-19 07:34:28 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 加拿大
PART 2 -- PRODUCTS& u4 n9 _( N+ \. F. ]+ ~1 k; g1 E& x
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2.1 GENERAL) M) D( l' L. y
A. Manufacturer's product names, numbers and models given herein are for the purpose of+ u6 L- ?0 M6 j! `5 z& f% a
indicating the basic requirements for type, construction, material, operation, durability and
8 a  {6 p9 T7 |# w1 w8 n, [  yfunctional adequacy of the specific item. Substitution of another manufacturer's product that is  W& I% i5 k: O, U" c5 X
fully equivalent in all respects will be made subject to the approval of the ENGINEER.
; w1 e, x# M6 YB. Provide end products of one manufacturer for each item in order to achieve standardization for& }$ }9 `5 T8 j- ^/ o1 W
appearance, maintenance, and replacement.
7 r5 x; P6 ]) U# e9 T: LC. When deemed necessary for product evaluation prior to review, the ENGINEER may require
# e% p9 H2 }. I7 V' G# G- H3 V4 rsubmittal of full size standard production units for inspection and check. Such samples will be- y  z  A) a& T6 L4 b3 A
returned to the Contractor and may be installed on the project if identified for location in1 M$ u# g0 P3 u# v: Z6 g
conformance with specified requirements.: M6 x6 y9 L7 }; Y/ Y' S& s: w
D. Contractor shall check kinds and quantities of hardware products to determine conditions,2 V9 p- j7 H) u- c* ^2 K
completeness, and conformance to the Specifications.! V* d$ m/ r6 S! A8 p9 f

1 F: t+ X" H; d$ _  [7 E2.2 PRODUCT TYPES) O3 r% o3 i# ]) T3 U4 H
A. Locks and Latches: All locks shall be security type with 6-pin cylinders having stainless steel$ _  x7 L1 |* J" Z
mechanism for all exterior hollow metal doors.
% D+ W5 z1 Q& e* k) G3 mB. Lock Uniformity: Except as otherwise specified, Contractor shall furnish locksets, cylinders, and2 E) H' T1 R& K0 U9 l; z' I
component parts as hereinbefore specified, by one manufacturer.) b0 z; o  r1 a4 _  z* H8 c& e
C. Lock Strikes: Shall be boxed type with curved tip of sufficient length to protect trim and/or jamb." C& ?7 n) F8 k# B7 e
Lock strikes shall be delivered to the jobsite with the locksets.5 M1 q7 p3 a, A9 P" N( [+ q
D. Fasteners: Bolts, screws, fittings, and other fasteners, including soffit plates for door closers,
. q: N9 R8 t3 X: rshall be provided for proper and secure attachment with specified hardware.' J8 K) F- `6 Q8 q) F4 Q  V
E. Door Closers shall be full rack and pinion type with adjustable means of regulating closing speed,5 ?1 H! l7 P& a1 i2 U
latching speed, back check, and with reduced spring power and shall be regular parallel arm type. }: c8 y6 k5 W$ g
with 90 degrees to 180 degrees hold open provisions.2 ^/ y4 r( {- x* |' A! b% r
F. Door Swings: Door swings indicated on the Contract drawings are standard door swings. If a
  B  [* @) e" N) G. Ndoor hand is changed during Construction the Contractor shall make necessary changes in7 i! |3 D" N' G4 t3 ~) N( J# z0 A
hardware at no additional expense to the CITY, subject to the approval of the ENGINEER.
+ ^' q; ?  f1 ^" HG. Silencers shall be provided for all metal door frames; three for single doors, two for pairs of
, m1 D3 D6 W0 P5 U! G8 ]  Bdoors." e7 H3 [0 c& L; G) v+ ?0 l
H. Door Butts shall be of proper width to clear trim and other features when door swings to
6 E0 R0 W9 ]9 w1 j: T180 degrees and shall have oil-impregnated ball bearings.' j9 }) r' R' X$ e, h4 b. E
1. Door 1-3/4-inch thick up to 7-feet 0-inch to have 1-1/2 pair of 4-1/2-inch X 4-1/2-inch butts.8 x6 ]4 I. @4 t5 p
2. Exterior doors to have butts with oil-impregnated bearings.5 h4 S& T5 {1 w
3. Provide template hinges for use on metal door frames.3 T- L+ i1 S" @, r2 R
I. Temporary Lock Cylinder: Contractor shall provide temporary lock cylinders with temporary
: y$ W, d1 [/ p+ I; zconstruction keys for door locks during the construction period.
* l+ e' V8 m/ w2 S2 JJ. Kickplates: 16-gauge stainless steel with edges beveled four (4)sides. Kickplates to be 10-- q% q1 L( B+ G" F( Q# j7 G
inches high x door width less 1-inch.
; o" a+ @- A) C% M! I" HK. Lock Astragal: Provide astragal for exterior in swinging 1-3/4-inch metal doors, of 9-3/8-inch x 1-+ C; s7 ?8 a7 {, X
1/2-inch size with US 10 finish designed to prevent tampering of lock bolts from the exterior.
; u6 O; B% o* a5 S- zL. Flush Extension Bolt: Two point concealed automatic type for exit operation only with control
) ^0 S: ~* K% D9 v6 uknob located on the inside, provided with top and bottom strikes, Underwriters Laboratories (UL); V2 S! ]9 ]) D% L- i
Listed, bronze components with 626 finish and designed for use on 1-3/4-inch thick hollow metal7 t+ g6 ?3 a+ K# L: |* k8 t
doors.
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2.3 FINISHES3 \/ ]7 x4 A/ b3 b* Z! r
A. All finishes hereinafter specified are "BHMA" numbers as specified by the "Building Hardware  Q, e; C; ]8 H2 z' G0 w8 b/ P; n
Manufacturer's Association".
7 a& [, Q# z; n6 r4 b% ?1. 600 - Prime Coat) g* [; m# K) S
2. 626 - Dull Chromium& L) O; K6 U" l" Q
3. 629 - Bright Stainless Steel  c5 n" t4 ~; U# U
4. 630 - Satin Stainless Steel* g3 ?# \) Z. G/ q0 U
B. All items not specified herein shall have BHMA 630 finish.& j/ p; [) Q# B; i) g% M
C. Locksets and Deadlocks shall have BHMA 630 finish.
4 f) i: H5 l5 \6 H; ?! `2 t7 N% p& ^D. All hinges to have BHMA 630 finish
. J2 T$ b& C, Q4 xE. Kickplates, Push and Pulls to have BHMA 630 finish.
* ~/ x/ d6 r# i! }# n. PF. Closer cover plates to have dull bronze lacquer finish.
) R$ W8 `/ p4 q  Z: ?: H$ jG. Miscellaneous Finishes shall be as specified.
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2.4 KEYING
) }8 q2 z& E3 D& [9 o5 WA. To ensure full coordination with CITY's keying needs and requirements, all keying will be, p; B. i% ]! _* J$ a
determined after a conference with the ENGINEER, and such keying shall be designated in the- _8 X, x+ k9 d2 G
CONTRACTOR's hardware schedule by appropriate set of numbers opposite the respective; ^" h1 D1 G5 q0 u- n/ k
doors. Keys shall be positively identified for their respective locks and shall be delivered into the6 U6 ~( p+ o$ q, g: R8 C7 y
hands of the ENGINEER upon completion of the work.2 f6 e6 Y0 Q& u8 w
1. All locks and cylinders shall be labeled consecutively with the door number to correspond- @# Y' o7 |7 n( V
with change keys. All shipping tags shall be of approximate 2-inch X 3-inch size.& b2 ?- S' ^) \3 d' K/ B* V0 d3 u
B. Keys:, s8 }/ S3 d) i) x: M6 _
1. All keys shall be nickel-silver large bow, plain both sides, (6 pin) stamped on one side2 g  U( J+ ^. v
"CITY OF LOS ANGELES -DO NOT DUPLICATE".  F0 c& [; g3 u/ H3 h
2. CONTRACTOR shall furnish two (2) keys for keyed alike locks; two (2) keys for each keyed
3 w% Z- s& ^. `# }) ^7 H! b' ldifferent locks, and six (6) grandmaster keys.
) B0 E8 @5 g5 X6 @- q3. Lock manufacturer shall ship all keys including grandmaster, master, and change keys, via% D3 |5 J$ z  X, m9 Q
Registered Mail directly to the ENGINEER. The keys shall be individually tagged and+ f2 N9 J+ v% r# e# D+ [
identified by door locations.
8 V5 j' s: Z! L9 f7 O# `. E" U. {4. At the time of change-over from construction lock cylinders to permanent lock cylinders,
9 N4 ], t1 P; F, A6 W4 tthe INSPECTOR will check the permanent key operation with the in-place permanent lock9 y2 x1 B2 m* C" X# a4 [) T' H
cylinders to assure proper operation of locks and keys.
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7 E* }3 N+ W/ B1 |2.5 HARDWARE SCHEDULE8 k; a6 o3 E' I8 |
A. The following hardware schedule is intended to represent the hardware required. Provide the
- @& l% K9 `& R9 t: Pfollowing hardware or their equal:( l5 {% S, T) J3 ]& I
$#  W) V; G  g9 b4 p
NTS: List quantity, description, manufacturer's detail and finish for hardware
) q# M0 |. ?' capplicable to this project.
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/ @; _; w- c3 x% \* o* K2.6 TEMPLATES' X5 @, C( u* v$ O" C. Q: E
A. All hardware for metal doors and metal frames shall be fabricated to template. Templates, or
4 j" @4 K2 S2 Z0 }1 z8 C' E9 Uphysical hardware items, shall be furnished sufficiently in advance to avoid any work delay.
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( C# x0 |3 E1 j) k0 I6 MPART 3 -- EXECUTION
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7 a1 i- X0 R+ e) L1 h: f3.1 GENERAL9 P) _! Q4 r; D
A. During the construction period, the CONTRACTOR shall employ temporary construction lock2 u: _7 f" y* _- |6 ~- G  R7 X
cylinders with temporary construction keys on door locks in the project.
6 O1 a: f3 _" K( O/ e) t+ |B. Prior to completion of construction, and after final installation of hardware, the CONTRACTOR: w4 U: N7 Z; B1 D1 A3 `5 j& @/ x
shall demonstrate to the ENGINEER that all items of operable hardware function properly, that
! r9 V% C, w: o4 f" u, ydoors swing smoothly, and that keys lock and unlock their respective doors.* Y; {) c' _- W" ]
C. At the time of completion of the facility, on direction of the ENGINEER, the CONTRACTOR shall
) @3 n* l1 c9 s6 W4 b, sreplace the construction lock cylinders with the permanent lock cylinders.3 I" B) T3 w; j+ b/ R7 j* K
D. The CONTRACTOR, upon completion of the work herein, shall remove all oil, grease, or other" u1 o" l1 R# d& {$ [1 }. y
soiling from exposed surfaces of finish hardware and shall remove all cartons, wrappings, and, f' ~1 S$ S, v2 o/ _
other debris resulting from the work herein, and shall leave the facility in a neat, clean, and' Q  t! V/ W% \% f# b' S. d$ D* V
acceptable condition subject to approval by the ENGINEER.
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; d5 k6 g% Q7 C9 B$ }3.2 INSTALLATION1 e! n/ H9 d' R6 M1 A" Y* g, d) @
A. All hardware shall be installed accurately and in accordance with manufacturer's instructions.. q0 x% s+ e8 s5 f' F: I2 {1 ]
B. Hardware shall be securely tightened to develop full strength of components and provide for7 U* E0 @$ m' j9 ?/ E) i- K: L
proper operation.
; L& o$ d5 C# F/ fC. Make work neat and secure.5 ]  c4 T4 M. W- i* Z+ A
D. Prevent marring, scratching, or otherwise damaging adjacent finishes during hardware9 X; Z' G- [! \% r! @
installation.
! Z; N  b' }0 m$ c* sE. Latchbolts:
( F( a& F# }8 O* s1. Install to engage in strikes automatically, whether activated by closers or manually.! B2 M" u% r8 t2 X. T+ Q. T
2. Additional manual pressure shall not be required to engage latchbolt in strike.
* S$ c1 B1 D- dF. Stops and Holders: Set to allow doors to open as far as possible." K$ U6 x8 D% m5 ~! M
G. Wall Mounted Hardware: Install over solid structural backing or solid blocking in hollow walls.
% L, d+ O% Q3 ?! L% G! s9 BH. Thresholds:, o. q* f( G- U5 V
1. Cope ends neatly to profile of jamb.4 F0 K; K) g% Y4 |' y  R: |
2. Set in sealant and seal ends to jambs.) |4 ]7 S: \! @  V( J/ O* X
I. Hardware: Adjust for easy, noise-free operation.
5 w% q4 F7 P. p0 x; ~4 gJ. Replace damaged hardware items.2 p0 i" o3 [  [5 [) _

. H5 \0 L' f' h' \6 X/ j3.3 PROTECTION
1 r2 K  y. D/ b3 s7 U  }: q$ \A. Cover and protect exposed surfaces of hardware during installation and until substantial
! k* f5 k2 s6 b6 w$ e  z3 O; Lcompletion.
4 x9 z4 t# [5 g7 }& t! |/ s9 ]B. Fit, dismantle, and reinstall finish hardware as required for finish painting work.
/ C2 D1 W  T/ y/ ZC. Protect and prevent staining of hardware during construction in accordance with manufacturer's8 _, f8 G& Y: D8 ^& V  l7 h2 x7 E
recommendations.: I7 j# i9 ?. A, K4 J
D. Remove protective measures on permanent lock cylinders installed prior to final cleaning.- h, Y9 D4 u! B( a$ h0 s3 m( E
* * * * * *
 楼主| 发表于 2008-3-19 07:47:09 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 加拿大
其实这都是常识,没有什么难的,确实可以减少好多漏洞,减少业主的风险,但是现行的体制下,工程师这么做了不但不能多挣钱,还赔进去好多时间,所以政府的监管职能应该强制执行,并且提高设计取费。做事情不能只讲少花钱。
发表于 2008-4-3 10:59:05 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 中国广东广州
国外设计充分尊重业主的要求。设计人员一般一直呆在工地现场进行协调服务和设计调整,所以前期的工作是框架性的,后期的工作比较多
发表于 2009-5-9 13:19:01 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 中国广东广州
又长见识了
发表于 2009-5-9 17:43:48 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 中国重庆
看来这国外还挺复杂了。
发表于 2009-5-16 20:13:58 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 越南
我在越南搞了一个大型生产线方面的项目,属于交钥匙项目,狗日的越南人搞的图纸花里胡哨的,实际用处太少,n多的工程制图人员,天天就知道开会,一个也不去现场看看,工程进度奇慢,图纸上的问题多多,建议以后有类似的项目最好我们提供全套的图纸,并且要收高价的规划设计费
发表于 2014-6-20 18:44:11 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 中国浙江宁波
犀利~学习了,但是比如美国这样的,人家搞软件多,土木最赚钱的就被拿走了
发表于 2022-6-17 09:12:52 | 显示全部楼层 来自: 中国福建宁德
大体上是一样的吧,都是建筑技术方面的,, J' C( b- F/ T: I+ \" b
主要不同在于各国的文化、经济、风俗、政治等等
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