從損失所汲取的教訓——CO2风险

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Lessons from losses

從損失所汲取的教訓

Adequate ventilation could prevent CO2 fatalities
) H4 s# O' L# s6 R5 l採取足夠的通風可以防止由CO2造成的致命傷害
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(Editor's Note: While the information reported in this article is from an incident involving a competitor, the subject matter is important to share with BOC personnel.
( r- r+ T7 t/ M" {+ {, \/ m$ ^編者注：由於本文報道的內容取材涉及一個競爭對手的事故，因此將此主題內容通告XXX的員工就顯得尤爲重要。）
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9 }1 P  I5 J% y) UA routine delivery of carbon dioxide (CO2) to a fast food restaurant quickly turned tragic when the truck driver and an employee of the restaurant were exposed to a high concentration of the gas and died.
# B4 ~' T4 I$ F: V" B+ c( J一次例行的、向速食餐館供應二氧化碳（CO2）的發貨，很快變成慘劇，這是當一位卡車司機與餐館的一名員工置身于高濃度的該氣體環境時，而導致了死亡。
The restaurant, which has a storage tank for CO2 in a stockroom, uses the gas to carbonate soft drinks. The storage room was locked; the employee could not find the keys. The restaurant employee climbed over the 10-foot wall to unlock the door from the inside but could not do so. The driver then placed the filling hose over the wall and climbed over to make the delivery. Evidently, a CO2 leak occurred during the fill process, leaving both persons trapped in the storage room.
餐館倉庫內有一個CO2儲罐，此氣體用來製造碳酸軟飲料。儲藏室當時是鎖住的；而員工找不到鑰匙。餐館員工爬過10英尺高的牆，準備從裏面打開鎖住的門，但打不開鎖。司機隨後將充裝軟管伸過10英尺高的牆上，並爬過此牆進行二氧化碳的充裝活動。很顯然，充裝的過程中出現了CO2泄漏，使得他們都被截在了儲藏室內。
9 U2 W% M. y, M5 o6 ECarbon dioxide is colorless, odorless and heavier than air. High concentrations can cause asphyxiation and / or acidosis (CO2 poisoning). Asphyxiation occurs when a high level of CO2 causes a deficiency of oxygen, resulting in suffocation. Acidosis occurs when a high level of CO2 is inhaled, resulting in a severe pH change in the blood. Acidosis can occur irrespective of the amount of oxygen in the air being breathed. So relying solely on oxygen measurements is inadequate protection against the toxic effects of high concentrations of CO2.
7 k  O( c$ ~7 l  G二氧化碳是一種無色、無味並且比空氣重的氣體。高濃度的CO2會造成窒息以及/或者酸中毒（CO2中毒）。在高濃度CO2造成的氧氣缺乏的情況下，會引起窒息。在吸入高濃度CO2之後，會引起血液內的PH值嚴重變化而導致酸中毒發生。不管吸入的空氣中的氧氣量有多少酸中毒都可發生。因此單純依靠氧氣的測量並不足以防護高濃度CO2所導致的中毒效應。
Concentrations of 15 percent (150,000 ppm) or more of CO2 can rapidly result in unconsciousness or even death. Lower concentrations may cause headache, sweating, rapid breathing, increased heartbeat, and shortness of breath, dizziness, mental depression, visual disturbances or shaking.

: H/ n1 `) ~2 m" H4 `4 ?CO2濃度一旦處於15%（150,000ppm）或以上就會造成昏迷或者甚至死亡。較低的濃度可能造成頭痛、呼吸急促、心跳加速以及呼吸短促、頭昏、情緒低落、視覺擾亂或顫抖。
1 Q' ^$ @" M! C) _Personnel handling CO2 should always be thoroughly familiar with the hazards associated with this product and follow established safe work practices.

處理CO2的員工，應始終完全熟悉/瞭解與産品有關的危害，並遵守已制訂的安全工作條例。
Key lessons from this loss are:
7 z0 C% O- w/ @* A從此次損失所汲取的關鍵教訓是：
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Apparent lack of awareness of risks associated with confined space entry

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& e' @( }6 A' ]7 P& f' b0 d明顯缺乏與進入封閉空間有關的風險意識
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Apparent lack of awareness of risks associated with exposure to high CO2 levels
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明顯缺乏與吸入高濃度CO2有關風險的意識
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# s# _& H# ~4 X$ e" {2 Y0 `" RLack of adequate ventilation in the enclosed storage room, leading to elevated CO2 levels and CO2 poisoning

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密閉儲藏室內缺乏足夠的通風，使得CO2濃度上升以及CO2中毒
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Lack of adequate control procedures for the safe filling of an enclosed CO2 storage tank
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對CO2儲罐的安全充裝，缺乏適當的控制程式
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