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来自： 中国湖北武汉
Steel
. X! i J. I9 u/ YClass Notes and lecture material& ]: T. ?; m2 \/ y2 n4 _5 | {
For
6 k' V9 ^! B+ q+ v9 aMSE 651.01-- A( k/ N* q) T5 k) p, A8 n4 N; ^4 ]
Physical Metallurgy of Steel
. R! V0 y" D( V! wNotes compiled by: Glyn Meyrick, Professor Emeritus
2 O. }: v1 V, n3 ~$ J, L9 LNotes revised by: Robert H. Wagoner, Distinguished8 ]8 J) ]8 L# |1 ^ J
Professor of Engineering
* M0 \5 ]! j/ r. d% EWeb installation by: Wei Gan, Graduate Research Associate0 m" @# s0 {) S; I. V% S
Last revision date: 1/8/01% ]2 s2 ?# m, j8 J
11
( {1 [- U9 o$ M, gSTEEL
; G, W- d' |! Y3 i* i9 \2 IForeword
; u1 [: a2 j! xThis document is intended to augment formal lectures on the general topic of the physical+ p* s: A/ Q: z& {4 x
metallurgy of steels, presented within the MSE Department during the Fall Quarter, 1998. It is+ ?) `6 _; c" s. A
based on a variety of texts and published articles and also on personal experience. Specific
) X! {; c4 A" @references to sources are made within the document. However, the material is often in the form of
, F* l0 [" U# ~7 ?, n; b5 Yknowledge that has been accumulated by the work of many people and is "well-known" by experts
# u7 C7 d' A- p2 D2 Uin the field. A detailed acknowledgment of the work of each contributor to the field is not attempted w4 |$ ]* d5 ?5 b7 T
because that would be an awesome task. This document is not intended for publication and is# }; @8 v) f* ?
restricted for use in MSE 651.01.5 L8 T1 f4 U& l) o% @
Texts: Steels; Microstructures and Properties by R.W.K. Honeycombe (Edward Arnold)
0 l5 G" P2 C; m0 N2 d) FPrinciples of the Heat Treatment of Steel by G. Krauss (ASM)
# C, b' k' `; p( B; S9 RThe Physical Metallurgy of Steel by W.C. Leslie (McGraw Hill)
$ \9 p5 i6 l3 k0 CThe ASM Metal Handbooks.
+ d3 d5 }# P* Z9 Y7 EHandbook of Stainless Steels, Peckner and Bernstein (eds.) McGraw Hill 1977
# O6 G9 y" T$ {3 e/ C. NTool Steels Roberts and Cary, Edition 4, ASM, 1980! g0 _1 l, s. X- X6 L
Ferrous Physical Metallurgy A. K. Sinha, Butterworths 1989.5 n4 e8 T, f+ r i! E) R) z# Y7 z
Introduction9 T( e$ x+ U4 T( n
Steel is a family of materials that is derived from ores that are rich in iron, abundant in the- P7 `% e& u4 o8 C8 P+ H Z
Earth’s crust and which are easily reduced by hot carbon to yield iron. Steels are very versatile; they: u4 |9 o2 {9 e6 v
can be formed into desired shapes by plastic deformation produced by processes such as rolling
! w3 O# t! _- xand forging; they can be treated to give them a wide range of mechanical properties which enable
2 Y; O- `$ K& q/ L; X0 I. gthem to be used for an enormous number of applications. Indeed, steel is ubiquitous in applications
/ d) Y& _' p' c Nthat directly affect the quality of our lives. Steel and cement constitute about 90% of the structural
" {/ a9 t# [( L# m4 W' y% Rmaterials that are manufactured
2 x% `0 `, u0 s& ?1 F( Westwood, Met and Mat Trans, Vol. 27 A, June 1996, 1413).
, f! A/ T4 {& X0 TWhat, then, is steel?8 g# a3 P5 E6 D: _; @7 ]. G! ^
A precise and concise definition of steel is not an easy thing to present because of the very S) j& j3 J: U9 f- ~
large variety of alloys that bear the name. All of them, however, contain iron. We might reasonably9 T/ ]: F. n* q( c/ f
begin by describing a steel as an alloy which contains iron as the major component. This is only a
$ C/ F$ H: p" l- J" ?0 i; O/ Obeginning because there are alloys in which iron is the major constituent, that are not called steels;
' W# q9 |4 I+ ^! [$ |# yfor example, cast irons and some superalloys. The major difference between a cast iron and a steel
8 l3 F" \) ^2 \4 C8 y+ w( `is that their carbon contents lie in two different ranges. These ranges are determined by the; z ~6 v' |8 ?; o c, V, x
maximum amount of carbon that can be dissolved into solid iron. This is approximately 2% by0 ]% @2 |; p$ Q; f8 I* \& U
weight (in FCC iron at 1146 °C). Steels are alloys that contain less than 2% carbon. Cast irons1 D: l3 Y! D( ^3 B' M: I& b: @
contain more than 2 % carbon. Many steels contain specified minimum amounts of carbon. This# M2 [" I8 h5 z, l+ t, e
does not mean that all steels must contain substantial quantities of carbon; in some steels the- b6 w# }9 d- x0 H$ e
carbon content is deliberately made very small and, also, the amount actually in solution is reduced0 S7 N3 I6 d/ W- c8 w8 N
further by the addition of alloying elements that have a strong tendency to combine with the carbon! b0 m: a4 w' @ U; U
to form carbides.
/ Z" F! A" O6 S8 u6 ISteels can be divided into two main groups; plain carbon steels and alloy steels. The latter+ O0 Q) B. L2 h4 K* J. z% l0 c- {
can then be subdivided into many groups according to chemistry ( e.g. standard low alloy steels),
. q2 K2 a% {! N; }applications (e.g. tool steels ) or particular properties (e.g. stainless steels) etc. Let us begin with
/ t: m# v3 O9 h" p6 B1 @9 p% C2 C22
/ ~: p3 L$ I/ n3 Q3 lplain carbon steels; this group is the simplest to understand and it comprises steels that are used in/ W- ~: g6 K0 m" Q! z* e( O
the greatest tonnage |
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