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来自： 中国湖北武汉
Steel
1 ^) m+ N# E) q9 P0 K* AClass Notes and lecture material/ g$ ], P$ p0 e; d8 r
For. s" J* P$ y$ ~' ~
MSE 651.01--
% q4 P1 }. J iPhysical Metallurgy of Steel; I7 k4 M2 H+ i
Notes compiled by: Glyn Meyrick, Professor Emeritus
" ~. P/ o+ R/ U: b9 c1 J. {Notes revised by: Robert H. Wagoner, Distinguished# e$ j- l* T6 q ?
Professor of Engineering! f* _5 Y! X" d
Web installation by: Wei Gan, Graduate Research Associate) [: N0 }) P7 x, C: B
Last revision date: 1/8/019 Q( ?7 Y+ c& |1 o$ m' O+ I, J
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Foreword9 A/ z9 z( H. k5 r
This document is intended to augment formal lectures on the general topic of the physical
( |1 f3 J8 T7 ymetallurgy of steels, presented within the MSE Department during the Fall Quarter, 1998. It is
) e1 T( d0 U% h/ S4 N0 Cbased on a variety of texts and published articles and also on personal experience. Specific7 G2 m2 g3 E( { n- w2 r/ \0 _
references to sources are made within the document. However, the material is often in the form of
+ t8 \* H* F F2 g8 W; aknowledge that has been accumulated by the work of many people and is "well-known" by experts+ A, A. a& v- c% y7 E
in the field. A detailed acknowledgment of the work of each contributor to the field is not attempted. C. G" f! p; q! }8 t' Y1 Y
because that would be an awesome task. This document is not intended for publication and is
& n+ ] A: |8 R3 Y" t" T9 \- _2 `restricted for use in MSE 651.01.+ i; s- ?1 V |& C) ~0 ?1 S) x! g
Texts: Steels; Microstructures and Properties by R.W.K. Honeycombe (Edward Arnold)+ b7 ]2 E7 x& a C$ ^. U
Principles of the Heat Treatment of Steel by G. Krauss (ASM)
) C5 `7 Q3 a! L4 JThe Physical Metallurgy of Steel by W.C. Leslie (McGraw Hill)
' g" a) \3 y, @7 mThe ASM Metal Handbooks.( ?& g$ f% a2 i, M( a" B$ B
Handbook of Stainless Steels, Peckner and Bernstein (eds.) McGraw Hill 1977& S) Y# Z. Y, d: R3 L1 C7 Y5 L
Tool Steels Roberts and Cary, Edition 4, ASM, 1980! v! l% p7 ?: c( r- }; S& d
Ferrous Physical Metallurgy A. K. Sinha, Butterworths 1989.- i# p$ }: k3 E' }
Introduction
. X' J- X& ^- A5 SSteel is a family of materials that is derived from ores that are rich in iron, abundant in the1 v% m( f) Q! n% g% I1 W- B
Earth’s crust and which are easily reduced by hot carbon to yield iron. Steels are very versatile; they
7 T5 b2 R$ [) W2 `. _8 k& X5 R% fcan be formed into desired shapes by plastic deformation produced by processes such as rolling! j9 ^2 u' A4 e" I, n! s C
and forging; they can be treated to give them a wide range of mechanical properties which enable
3 o2 O. ^% j+ ]1 ^2 R- n' J& u8 Sthem to be used for an enormous number of applications. Indeed, steel is ubiquitous in applications
4 U, ~0 n& Y2 \5 Bthat directly affect the quality of our lives. Steel and cement constitute about 90% of the structural
# d# t' K; {% w P$ E& W4 Jmaterials that are manufactured
' Y5 i& @# X4 F( Westwood, Met and Mat Trans, Vol. 27 A, June 1996, 1413).
' W8 J( F @; p# y- c3 uWhat, then, is steel?& z+ L, ]% Q& F. ~) p7 m
A precise and concise definition of steel is not an easy thing to present because of the very
; m7 k+ C( k. O/ g& n: d" c2 z& H' elarge variety of alloys that bear the name. All of them, however, contain iron. We might reasonably
. o" W% x6 e' hbegin by describing a steel as an alloy which contains iron as the major component. This is only a/ V' v! W+ Z8 y
beginning because there are alloys in which iron is the major constituent, that are not called steels;& T7 o. N. I: @
for example, cast irons and some superalloys. The major difference between a cast iron and a steel
k& ^$ m, [- T" F* eis that their carbon contents lie in two different ranges. These ranges are determined by the% P: V1 b$ s# x. J/ T# b- p) V$ U+ Q
maximum amount of carbon that can be dissolved into solid iron. This is approximately 2% by
v; m8 @ Y1 `5 c8 p" \9 @; t L" @weight (in FCC iron at 1146 °C). Steels are alloys that contain less than 2% carbon. Cast irons1 e( x4 w8 q7 \6 E. c- m) o2 }
contain more than 2 % carbon. Many steels contain specified minimum amounts of carbon. This
" h4 {* x' M% n0 M$ _# Qdoes not mean that all steels must contain substantial quantities of carbon; in some steels the7 W6 b1 x6 n, q9 d% ?
carbon content is deliberately made very small and, also, the amount actually in solution is reduced! w0 d, Q. ]+ s1 g
further by the addition of alloying elements that have a strong tendency to combine with the carbon
3 t" d$ y3 U6 o: g$ Z) F+ ~to form carbides.4 B2 U9 s% W* G% f' F
Steels can be divided into two main groups; plain carbon steels and alloy steels. The latter
7 D# L4 W* S& H/ F! s' qcan then be subdivided into many groups according to chemistry ( e.g. standard low alloy steels),7 S6 o+ D" R* q
applications (e.g. tool steels ) or particular properties (e.g. stainless steels) etc. Let us begin with
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plain carbon steels; this group is the simplest to understand and it comprises steels that are used in
; W# X: B& d* G# B! T+ Ethe greatest tonnage |
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