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来自： 中国湖北武汉
Steel
1 y( `" n5 D# X7 X. dClass Notes and lecture material
8 s" u" `. \9 MFor
) o6 x3 F8 g3 [! B( c$ vMSE 651.01--! J: {- h& l& S4 D* F3 M- z
Physical Metallurgy of Steel
+ x. F" u$ W# w3 v- p. yNotes compiled by: Glyn Meyrick, Professor Emeritus
2 v L/ H8 U0 p! v8 NNotes revised by: Robert H. Wagoner, Distinguished
: Y# r Y ]8 D7 @: c6 {4 RProfessor of Engineering
0 q7 S5 v$ `2 M, |* {9 W& `+ bWeb installation by: Wei Gan, Graduate Research Associate
0 @, X. n6 y, G' z# c& \Last revision date: 1/8/01
7 ]7 }$ t% |4 E; x' c11
, m x9 t, g; }% [+ |# g5 D! tSTEEL7 O) s% T; y+ b0 D0 v3 Q
Foreword# w+ t# v$ j# o8 _; r9 Y0 t) w; u' M
This document is intended to augment formal lectures on the general topic of the physical
6 R- d1 A4 o2 p8 P) ametallurgy of steels, presented within the MSE Department during the Fall Quarter, 1998. It is
* o2 N* O/ o' m8 Gbased on a variety of texts and published articles and also on personal experience. Specific' S8 e5 \' q% n
references to sources are made within the document. However, the material is often in the form of3 V5 k8 ~( L3 M$ U! p* u1 a2 A3 d
knowledge that has been accumulated by the work of many people and is "well-known" by experts. m. H V. R3 _6 x3 e
in the field. A detailed acknowledgment of the work of each contributor to the field is not attempted
! W- w" \& R6 B) `# j* |2 Q) k: Kbecause that would be an awesome task. This document is not intended for publication and is& N c) e4 g7 \; X1 f( \9 }; v
restricted for use in MSE 651.01.6 P7 @. m+ ^6 [# D3 ~9 u7 ]; C5 ?
Texts: Steels; Microstructures and Properties by R.W.K. Honeycombe (Edward Arnold)
. Q4 B( L, S H3 _1 q* `0 }) D' d$ pPrinciples of the Heat Treatment of Steel by G. Krauss (ASM)7 f7 o4 T: Z+ S: N! Q1 Y4 Z
The Physical Metallurgy of Steel by W.C. Leslie (McGraw Hill)6 t/ k' r; `( Y, L8 ?! I
The ASM Metal Handbooks.
8 `. Q6 [7 v& i0 [* C/ zHandbook of Stainless Steels, Peckner and Bernstein (eds.) McGraw Hill 1977
* \, _2 |2 V7 o" d% U/ aTool Steels Roberts and Cary, Edition 4, ASM, 1980, W+ ?8 E9 P8 o5 s( W- j: }
Ferrous Physical Metallurgy A. K. Sinha, Butterworths 1989.
8 x6 v, l9 p P0 o# Z; g" a8 J2 `Introduction
9 t7 w( F+ [1 m% L w, sSteel is a family of materials that is derived from ores that are rich in iron, abundant in the* c9 ^' ] Z/ w. I9 |
Earth’s crust and which are easily reduced by hot carbon to yield iron. Steels are very versatile; they7 c* ]2 }6 z. w9 L
can be formed into desired shapes by plastic deformation produced by processes such as rolling
# R* {* z* v' E+ Sand forging; they can be treated to give them a wide range of mechanical properties which enable/ H6 a6 I' Y; `, |5 ? S
them to be used for an enormous number of applications. Indeed, steel is ubiquitous in applications& Z+ P3 Y- q! \0 p
that directly affect the quality of our lives. Steel and cement constitute about 90% of the structural
/ @ R' a( \9 H0 F( j& @materials that are manufactured
: K* Z$ t4 I$ D$ b% T$ ^4 F( Westwood, Met and Mat Trans, Vol. 27 A, June 1996, 1413).
) S" w: S# j- z4 k2 SWhat, then, is steel?
: V8 m& I+ b" X2 w3 yA precise and concise definition of steel is not an easy thing to present because of the very
' T* p/ p( J& K. Klarge variety of alloys that bear the name. All of them, however, contain iron. We might reasonably
' W; p7 R& n* F/ T, ~0 nbegin by describing a steel as an alloy which contains iron as the major component. This is only a3 H+ `, D/ W8 _4 U$ H2 s
beginning because there are alloys in which iron is the major constituent, that are not called steels;3 M, q& D) |0 k& n, m) ^2 ^
for example, cast irons and some superalloys. The major difference between a cast iron and a steel3 H$ M0 O0 H% [, v, Q
is that their carbon contents lie in two different ranges. These ranges are determined by the
4 c! {# g! L Q; e1 _2 Rmaximum amount of carbon that can be dissolved into solid iron. This is approximately 2% by3 W/ T; ^* Y, M* @1 Q, o
weight (in FCC iron at 1146 °C). Steels are alloys that contain less than 2% carbon. Cast irons
2 j8 F5 p3 _3 y4 H- kcontain more than 2 % carbon. Many steels contain specified minimum amounts of carbon. This1 ?. X% v8 } W8 e: N2 y6 g
does not mean that all steels must contain substantial quantities of carbon; in some steels the# ^* a9 \& x' R$ z, ^$ ^
carbon content is deliberately made very small and, also, the amount actually in solution is reduced
# x5 \0 J1 r) q G8 i8 r# ]further by the addition of alloying elements that have a strong tendency to combine with the carbon) M) h& x, }( D. P [9 z) P
to form carbides.
) v5 H" I3 j, QSteels can be divided into two main groups; plain carbon steels and alloy steels. The latter0 W u9 s* y# B( l
can then be subdivided into many groups according to chemistry ( e.g. standard low alloy steels),
" r# k; I- q! G! g) f9 Y4 Mapplications (e.g. tool steels ) or particular properties (e.g. stainless steels) etc. Let us begin with4 h6 w! z U% U! O0 |8 h
22
' ]" f) B0 `( n! F, E" D" Y2 V0 Wplain carbon steels; this group is the simplest to understand and it comprises steels that are used in
, w! d- ^) g3 E" @6 R8 [ Ithe greatest tonnage |
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