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来自： 中国湖北武汉
Steel
$ h3 H/ H" l9 mClass Notes and lecture material
' s! b3 K* W5 H0 r' T0 cFor) u* i& d/ g/ [5 N+ [
MSE 651.01--
$ P0 G0 f. L) u$ NPhysical Metallurgy of Steel
7 u2 z- Z6 t7 j C0 y1 @Notes compiled by: Glyn Meyrick, Professor Emeritus
3 D$ c- j# s T1 d8 H7 P; k, ?Notes revised by: Robert H. Wagoner, Distinguished6 u) H/ y5 d. r* ?: i4 @! l
Professor of Engineering: s6 n- G }1 J* }8 I5 E2 i
Web installation by: Wei Gan, Graduate Research Associate- E( F; e! C$ N
Last revision date: 1/8/01
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/ s4 h$ P, L. JSTEEL
7 N; @% D2 E' D. v6 x* H" DForeword
* J" j( k+ `) i" J- Z9 J& ^This document is intended to augment formal lectures on the general topic of the physical! q' S1 k7 h! q" v3 w* o7 t
metallurgy of steels, presented within the MSE Department during the Fall Quarter, 1998. It is( c3 A+ {. D5 D
based on a variety of texts and published articles and also on personal experience. Specific% I! \% ?1 K2 i: ]
references to sources are made within the document. However, the material is often in the form of
1 f0 [* u) T; s) p' ?' ~knowledge that has been accumulated by the work of many people and is "well-known" by experts& d! U" q6 C" p0 S7 U
in the field. A detailed acknowledgment of the work of each contributor to the field is not attempted1 ?! o+ S; g# |- ~$ R/ }
because that would be an awesome task. This document is not intended for publication and is8 V, c ]' y, D, ?% h/ L1 @; H
restricted for use in MSE 651.01.: F6 a8 A$ B5 R. l
Texts: Steels; Microstructures and Properties by R.W.K. Honeycombe (Edward Arnold)
( H5 x* L) O F# h0 d4 a% Q7 UPrinciples of the Heat Treatment of Steel by G. Krauss (ASM)
( f) h8 q$ I4 Z1 Q+ `The Physical Metallurgy of Steel by W.C. Leslie (McGraw Hill)3 @$ m8 q2 H8 r& b( P u% J* Z: _
The ASM Metal Handbooks.
) M6 @/ G% C2 YHandbook of Stainless Steels, Peckner and Bernstein (eds.) McGraw Hill 1977
: \+ _2 u% Z) L4 G9 Z2 n* PTool Steels Roberts and Cary, Edition 4, ASM, 19808 Q7 _, H' k6 D0 h
Ferrous Physical Metallurgy A. K. Sinha, Butterworths 1989.
- ?( i' G3 L) ?Introduction$ C( T1 h2 E) ]; } s5 T
Steel is a family of materials that is derived from ores that are rich in iron, abundant in the
! }, }- \: V \6 V, D: REarth’s crust and which are easily reduced by hot carbon to yield iron. Steels are very versatile; they5 N s3 m A, t% J! b$ s0 D, ?
can be formed into desired shapes by plastic deformation produced by processes such as rolling
8 o; ]) ^. Z4 {; eand forging; they can be treated to give them a wide range of mechanical properties which enable
6 G/ Z. c9 r: ]& k. Y/ v: F$ ^them to be used for an enormous number of applications. Indeed, steel is ubiquitous in applications
2 x5 }& G8 a3 @8 ^' i2 r1 S5 m$ tthat directly affect the quality of our lives. Steel and cement constitute about 90% of the structural, E; H& L- f' t* D0 h9 s
materials that are manufactured" t3 ^3 d- X2 c$ X
( Westwood, Met and Mat Trans, Vol. 27 A, June 1996, 1413)., D4 Y# q1 D# N6 `
What, then, is steel?' p2 y/ N: L% X7 ~6 `! O
A precise and concise definition of steel is not an easy thing to present because of the very, A8 c1 `# ~" `# `, B4 | A
large variety of alloys that bear the name. All of them, however, contain iron. We might reasonably
/ P4 u$ t8 o- {" Wbegin by describing a steel as an alloy which contains iron as the major component. This is only a
# r x+ D5 i, }6 B, B6 ebeginning because there are alloys in which iron is the major constituent, that are not called steels;6 j0 `! \- A0 z! w! b
for example, cast irons and some superalloys. The major difference between a cast iron and a steel1 i/ t+ z6 E0 Z/ E1 f& x% h
is that their carbon contents lie in two different ranges. These ranges are determined by the
! q+ x! ?! _- B3 |# D5 _$ T, B- Kmaximum amount of carbon that can be dissolved into solid iron. This is approximately 2% by
8 j: E2 f0 L' D* t0 x6 a) k( z- Gweight (in FCC iron at 1146 °C). Steels are alloys that contain less than 2% carbon. Cast irons
1 y. w; D. G6 j1 J' Fcontain more than 2 % carbon. Many steels contain specified minimum amounts of carbon. This, L% }7 k& Y" z( x; [; J
does not mean that all steels must contain substantial quantities of carbon; in some steels the+ U: a6 C" H4 f+ d5 {
carbon content is deliberately made very small and, also, the amount actually in solution is reduced$ d: s8 |1 e/ ? o$ ?
further by the addition of alloying elements that have a strong tendency to combine with the carbon7 _5 _5 {, I; p1 S6 S& ?
to form carbides.1 T) n5 t+ b; W/ h0 j! M
Steels can be divided into two main groups; plain carbon steels and alloy steels. The latter
7 G0 ]- i. |! P) h/ ecan then be subdivided into many groups according to chemistry ( e.g. standard low alloy steels),0 j0 m, j$ R; d$ k) X0 h
applications (e.g. tool steels ) or particular properties (e.g. stainless steels) etc. Let us begin with7 J; _- l. o& G) ]+ _
22
2 h3 X0 q0 C: f) V5 O/ H& i7 hplain carbon steels; this group is the simplest to understand and it comprises steels that are used in- Z; L$ d% _8 z/ k
the greatest tonnage |
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