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来自： 中国湖北武汉
Steel p+ \& x/ W2 b' V
Class Notes and lecture material
2 ]; `1 z5 n' L) j- @' yFor5 @) G: t# R! I( D0 q+ T s9 k
MSE 651.01--* c; K3 s5 H2 s! g/ J* t2 D# u" c
Physical Metallurgy of Steel* a* _. N1 O, C5 h
Notes compiled by: Glyn Meyrick, Professor Emeritus+ c$ S- t5 o! r+ x& k0 Q/ k! ^
Notes revised by: Robert H. Wagoner, Distinguished4 k& T% Y9 `; L
Professor of Engineering" O: w# G( \) Z3 h% S
Web installation by: Wei Gan, Graduate Research Associate0 T# K5 j/ k" t( A
Last revision date: 1/8/01
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' x0 x- d' [- `$ S# z+ [7 [2 ~STEEL
) S2 D6 y3 G- D/ EForeword$ V+ W! x4 f3 S2 r8 d2 P3 C
This document is intended to augment formal lectures on the general topic of the physical
' A; F* k. b; ]( Qmetallurgy of steels, presented within the MSE Department during the Fall Quarter, 1998. It is% {7 N# A# c+ J$ L
based on a variety of texts and published articles and also on personal experience. Specific& r% j- C- }! q- a) |1 K
references to sources are made within the document. However, the material is often in the form of
2 @( i2 _/ V- [8 L) W4 W% K6 cknowledge that has been accumulated by the work of many people and is "well-known" by experts
7 [/ E0 b; M& |5 O; H* G6 H" i) _. v, ]in the field. A detailed acknowledgment of the work of each contributor to the field is not attempted
. K" J( b( h' }3 pbecause that would be an awesome task. This document is not intended for publication and is
3 Q! t Q" q6 p2 a1 k9 Wrestricted for use in MSE 651.01.
( \1 m2 L/ f+ P* `* c: h+ tTexts: Steels; Microstructures and Properties by R.W.K. Honeycombe (Edward Arnold)+ `# t2 A( E0 x" H. X
Principles of the Heat Treatment of Steel by G. Krauss (ASM)
; {' ?0 j" L2 y7 c6 IThe Physical Metallurgy of Steel by W.C. Leslie (McGraw Hill)
: E9 T" l# n6 z" BThe ASM Metal Handbooks.
. B; }* R# x5 F& bHandbook of Stainless Steels, Peckner and Bernstein (eds.) McGraw Hill 1977
4 z" t+ F. z7 U+ l5 G0 o' D" o! v% S5 JTool Steels Roberts and Cary, Edition 4, ASM, 19805 B: T/ \" L5 J, {6 a; Y* O
Ferrous Physical Metallurgy A. K. Sinha, Butterworths 1989.
4 R, d$ W( a- s( p) j7 pIntroduction
5 v& S% v) r# y# o, m1 pSteel is a family of materials that is derived from ores that are rich in iron, abundant in the
; l7 k4 Q. S4 y F4 t$ IEarth’s crust and which are easily reduced by hot carbon to yield iron. Steels are very versatile; they8 S4 J( A2 D6 m
can be formed into desired shapes by plastic deformation produced by processes such as rolling# ~- {* j. q4 L5 ^# D! Z
and forging; they can be treated to give them a wide range of mechanical properties which enable
" a) r0 i) o8 fthem to be used for an enormous number of applications. Indeed, steel is ubiquitous in applications4 D- L" m9 }3 H3 b9 t7 L% V4 i H/ j
that directly affect the quality of our lives. Steel and cement constitute about 90% of the structural
; a7 t9 ]/ U1 G* S) L; amaterials that are manufactured
- ]0 q, m0 s, d; _% p9 e1 [1 a( Westwood, Met and Mat Trans, Vol. 27 A, June 1996, 1413).9 c: }: } `0 j9 p/ [9 B
What, then, is steel?
7 x: a) Y, L/ |; N5 uA precise and concise definition of steel is not an easy thing to present because of the very
) Y, K& M: l- n1 {- X1 ~large variety of alloys that bear the name. All of them, however, contain iron. We might reasonably
$ |" s; j+ v$ `5 O( k3 B9 Wbegin by describing a steel as an alloy which contains iron as the major component. This is only a6 x2 _- Q; y8 ?5 k
beginning because there are alloys in which iron is the major constituent, that are not called steels;( t1 d7 V, q7 v& r
for example, cast irons and some superalloys. The major difference between a cast iron and a steel
' `% R. j) y+ t0 x yis that their carbon contents lie in two different ranges. These ranges are determined by the/ p8 ?0 f! q1 R+ W' [
maximum amount of carbon that can be dissolved into solid iron. This is approximately 2% by' v. Y" F+ U) T6 N, {& T* X
weight (in FCC iron at 1146 °C). Steels are alloys that contain less than 2% carbon. Cast irons/ V& t$ g$ x9 n& a- g/ N
contain more than 2 % carbon. Many steels contain specified minimum amounts of carbon. This9 {8 S) |4 r7 c$ F8 p
does not mean that all steels must contain substantial quantities of carbon; in some steels the3 F% D( n' X* F8 o& f
carbon content is deliberately made very small and, also, the amount actually in solution is reduced+ D% @6 e9 l! J h7 f# G5 Z
further by the addition of alloying elements that have a strong tendency to combine with the carbon
2 m2 Z; m; ^, l* [' g1 d$ Wto form carbides.
$ i, L& N; I- I( {Steels can be divided into two main groups; plain carbon steels and alloy steels. The latter
# V( G) O) X/ j! ]5 f8 Tcan then be subdivided into many groups according to chemistry ( e.g. standard low alloy steels),8 f3 J- T d" ~" W, j3 L
applications (e.g. tool steels ) or particular properties (e.g. stainless steels) etc. Let us begin with, f' I/ n& T# @7 u
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$ q% F! k; U2 q& oplain carbon steels; this group is the simplest to understand and it comprises steels that are used in
. g+ w: L/ w1 l' h' F# D$ lthe greatest tonnage |
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