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来自： 中国湖北武汉
Steel
v' h- S: Q. ]- E, OClass Notes and lecture material
# }: ?# ]4 H# i2 Y9 v* GFor' {6 F! o" d$ e
MSE 651.01--' L+ f3 D. J3 Y5 Y3 S4 v
Physical Metallurgy of Steel' |# K2 l: [' V% V
Notes compiled by: Glyn Meyrick, Professor Emeritus
* o5 @0 g# V/ W1 O, YNotes revised by: Robert H. Wagoner, Distinguished
' o* q5 s% G* M2 n1 RProfessor of Engineering
4 M' |8 A/ q2 R7 W" `3 WWeb installation by: Wei Gan, Graduate Research Associate3 G: Z5 c5 I+ n& K3 Z
Last revision date: 1/8/01+ s& q- y0 \: r g$ x
112 a8 r$ {* t \! ]" F1 q. A3 N. w
STEEL6 j8 i/ D' i8 S, O1 t/ ]
Foreword' l5 P: C* \' T4 P
This document is intended to augment formal lectures on the general topic of the physical
( s: Z5 R' r8 Q8 s1 cmetallurgy of steels, presented within the MSE Department during the Fall Quarter, 1998. It is
3 f% j0 C, j9 g4 J! u: f* ubased on a variety of texts and published articles and also on personal experience. Specific
9 Z' p I9 ^8 F4 `: a4 @1 k+ w. h! S0 yreferences to sources are made within the document. However, the material is often in the form of; e8 ? Q( r8 g4 s* G5 z
knowledge that has been accumulated by the work of many people and is "well-known" by experts
) ~. j$ ]9 f1 r" Zin the field. A detailed acknowledgment of the work of each contributor to the field is not attempted% K7 x% N7 z1 @
because that would be an awesome task. This document is not intended for publication and is# i7 m1 `9 b5 n I4 j( p4 g8 E
restricted for use in MSE 651.01." l' y" `: p. o7 j' ^
Texts: Steels; Microstructures and Properties by R.W.K. Honeycombe (Edward Arnold)
% v0 ?5 q( D' X+ jPrinciples of the Heat Treatment of Steel by G. Krauss (ASM)
! ^% S4 Z$ f( A/ H+ IThe Physical Metallurgy of Steel by W.C. Leslie (McGraw Hill)3 i$ S: _/ M" f8 Y
The ASM Metal Handbooks.5 J! T7 ~3 w. _+ |5 U& m
Handbook of Stainless Steels, Peckner and Bernstein (eds.) McGraw Hill 19772 ]- E9 Q. C3 _: N3 ?/ b( a' |' s% n
Tool Steels Roberts and Cary, Edition 4, ASM, 1980
+ Q; m, u4 ~! g: HFerrous Physical Metallurgy A. K. Sinha, Butterworths 1989.
7 ~) e1 X; N+ o& e! q3 `' f2 u! Q$ nIntroduction7 E/ U: X/ h+ [
Steel is a family of materials that is derived from ores that are rich in iron, abundant in the1 [; K( G9 D/ W; E
Earth’s crust and which are easily reduced by hot carbon to yield iron. Steels are very versatile; they
' q/ I7 H ^/ N+ A g( M( Jcan be formed into desired shapes by plastic deformation produced by processes such as rolling
; M5 P, b% x" @and forging; they can be treated to give them a wide range of mechanical properties which enable# |, M/ g* a! [
them to be used for an enormous number of applications. Indeed, steel is ubiquitous in applications: `) h( |1 e6 F- y; s0 B8 W
that directly affect the quality of our lives. Steel and cement constitute about 90% of the structural) A( c3 _# T& p: q
materials that are manufactured) D% n6 S- \0 d$ g; m) g; E; y
( Westwood, Met and Mat Trans, Vol. 27 A, June 1996, 1413).
! f# v: T3 ~9 l% s' `9 g8 B! ?What, then, is steel?$ D- e- B0 ?$ X9 C; s
A precise and concise definition of steel is not an easy thing to present because of the very
1 P$ J/ C x2 M+ a+ L9 o. I vlarge variety of alloys that bear the name. All of them, however, contain iron. We might reasonably
9 s( Q. f$ G* ^1 d7 tbegin by describing a steel as an alloy which contains iron as the major component. This is only a
( \/ E' q# f+ x1 [% Gbeginning because there are alloys in which iron is the major constituent, that are not called steels;
) X0 T* W% j. qfor example, cast irons and some superalloys. The major difference between a cast iron and a steel
. B% b, u1 [: L( R: ^) r# n/ [is that their carbon contents lie in two different ranges. These ranges are determined by the+ \* {( H3 M2 h; i: z0 \& P
maximum amount of carbon that can be dissolved into solid iron. This is approximately 2% by
- {$ }2 X' t; B$ \- G; w' dweight (in FCC iron at 1146 °C). Steels are alloys that contain less than 2% carbon. Cast irons8 \8 b" ^: V9 h. K
contain more than 2 % carbon. Many steels contain specified minimum amounts of carbon. This
" @+ ?: v7 J0 |4 e6 O) Ndoes not mean that all steels must contain substantial quantities of carbon; in some steels the
- e* F! B R4 l c$ Y+ B, }& I1 i1 scarbon content is deliberately made very small and, also, the amount actually in solution is reduced. \/ r& s: m/ ^0 w$ ^1 J
further by the addition of alloying elements that have a strong tendency to combine with the carbon
, C8 e- W' i6 l# L/ R$ ? Pto form carbides., I& g) p. n8 D; x
Steels can be divided into two main groups; plain carbon steels and alloy steels. The latter
/ ~* M. H: l+ s9 Jcan then be subdivided into many groups according to chemistry ( e.g. standard low alloy steels),5 ~0 `/ _* P. y" N/ C" ~/ }" x$ w
applications (e.g. tool steels ) or particular properties (e.g. stainless steels) etc. Let us begin with9 w$ x' b! w J6 q. A5 J
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9 x2 @4 t; Q- o/ D @. Gplain carbon steels; this group is the simplest to understand and it comprises steels that are used in
/ y1 U9 G: V' d7 q" Nthe greatest tonnage |
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