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来自： 中国湖北武汉
Steel! Y, J0 X1 Y' F3 V5 y
Class Notes and lecture material) q) M& f2 L3 k- L& N ]
For7 I1 E5 b+ Q: e+ F0 U
MSE 651.01--
$ r# A- O/ F) ]" f1 M7 H9 ^Physical Metallurgy of Steel
5 g0 w2 K+ c: R, j$ ~6 gNotes compiled by: Glyn Meyrick, Professor Emeritus
7 {- w# L6 s7 o' H, |& wNotes revised by: Robert H. Wagoner, Distinguished
7 u8 L5 u! \3 b/ m6 O$ [$ j1 t- {Professor of Engineering
3 P' Q; X9 _ J! R5 ]. QWeb installation by: Wei Gan, Graduate Research Associate
- P8 o0 y( ^0 @& `- uLast revision date: 1/8/01
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# q7 a* R4 e2 b+ {STEEL
D% E: L( E. ~6 t t% tForeword p w. x* `4 y% S5 \0 S' P
This document is intended to augment formal lectures on the general topic of the physical
, a6 t" L! \9 \0 Y0 E$ E1 L- Ometallurgy of steels, presented within the MSE Department during the Fall Quarter, 1998. It is1 ]6 A# X8 F# V6 ^
based on a variety of texts and published articles and also on personal experience. Specific$ h: h8 d$ u3 n! W0 V4 J- ~
references to sources are made within the document. However, the material is often in the form of, ^6 M- l7 ?) q# K( t7 C( ?
knowledge that has been accumulated by the work of many people and is "well-known" by experts
0 Z/ l. {/ e5 b8 B* a, E7 zin the field. A detailed acknowledgment of the work of each contributor to the field is not attempted
' X9 V- o0 q. ?7 ~: ]because that would be an awesome task. This document is not intended for publication and is
! j5 g0 j+ j1 I: y9 F/ grestricted for use in MSE 651.01.# Y0 y0 ]$ M: R& Z/ e
Texts: Steels; Microstructures and Properties by R.W.K. Honeycombe (Edward Arnold)8 s2 T& X, r& e! U: h! Y
Principles of the Heat Treatment of Steel by G. Krauss (ASM)% y8 Y0 z! y7 D5 M3 ?
The Physical Metallurgy of Steel by W.C. Leslie (McGraw Hill)& u d) e" m/ {8 ?" n( d% z! A
The ASM Metal Handbooks.
& M( ~$ y* @# I' s! V) s8 j, B# DHandbook of Stainless Steels, Peckner and Bernstein (eds.) McGraw Hill 19779 k# Y1 Q Z: i1 c/ X# }
Tool Steels Roberts and Cary, Edition 4, ASM, 1980' E) ]5 T5 ^; \ x; l- ^4 M0 R: A
Ferrous Physical Metallurgy A. K. Sinha, Butterworths 1989.0 H0 k# p' C! o- k
Introduction
7 |' l* n4 n% Y9 J3 G6 KSteel is a family of materials that is derived from ores that are rich in iron, abundant in the
$ X6 _* F9 `, D. N$ Y# T+ g" [# L- OEarth’s crust and which are easily reduced by hot carbon to yield iron. Steels are very versatile; they
* w+ M0 p/ h* kcan be formed into desired shapes by plastic deformation produced by processes such as rolling) A8 \; L- v" p
and forging; they can be treated to give them a wide range of mechanical properties which enable! P r* Z7 F+ j5 ^4 r
them to be used for an enormous number of applications. Indeed, steel is ubiquitous in applications
& P- G" {# [1 |, N- ~that directly affect the quality of our lives. Steel and cement constitute about 90% of the structural+ u: |/ X* I( M( E; `
materials that are manufactured
& p& M4 ?- p8 B; p J( Westwood, Met and Mat Trans, Vol. 27 A, June 1996, 1413).
' t; c B* p0 L' _( ~3 P$ HWhat, then, is steel?. \4 S% B$ h# T& h6 d
A precise and concise definition of steel is not an easy thing to present because of the very
% L0 H2 |! T2 t6 D7 G4 ]large variety of alloys that bear the name. All of them, however, contain iron. We might reasonably. Y" r: ^/ x* a2 {$ O
begin by describing a steel as an alloy which contains iron as the major component. This is only a
/ Y! m9 P& Q; p7 G5 Fbeginning because there are alloys in which iron is the major constituent, that are not called steels;! }- v) d. O& o+ ^, h
for example, cast irons and some superalloys. The major difference between a cast iron and a steel
w5 X$ n: S' X0 }8 I; Fis that their carbon contents lie in two different ranges. These ranges are determined by the
' _8 I* e% g1 n' hmaximum amount of carbon that can be dissolved into solid iron. This is approximately 2% by+ `8 c2 r4 Q1 x B$ q
weight (in FCC iron at 1146 °C). Steels are alloys that contain less than 2% carbon. Cast irons0 @& j% y! Q3 Z
contain more than 2 % carbon. Many steels contain specified minimum amounts of carbon. This
% B' _4 H7 x& E/ b2 P! D3 Adoes not mean that all steels must contain substantial quantities of carbon; in some steels the+ Y, x2 a" _# C% G
carbon content is deliberately made very small and, also, the amount actually in solution is reduced% S3 U8 Y8 i: k# K( H4 x# L
further by the addition of alloying elements that have a strong tendency to combine with the carbon+ ^1 n! J M, \* t8 r
to form carbides.; H5 [2 X( g* Y0 f- h+ s9 h
Steels can be divided into two main groups; plain carbon steels and alloy steels. The latter$ ] p0 {' W1 [' {! n% X, P
can then be subdivided into many groups according to chemistry ( e.g. standard low alloy steels),( c, u" o m( d6 R, d1 U
applications (e.g. tool steels ) or particular properties (e.g. stainless steels) etc. Let us begin with' c. g7 D& q* i6 l; o: N* v
22
, h1 h% f; `. U% z( W8 J+ k; Cplain carbon steels; this group is the simplest to understand and it comprises steels that are used in* C$ H% Z* c3 {/ b8 h
the greatest tonnage |
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